Relevance Of Kant’s Ideas In Today’s Modern World

In his Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant formulated his theory of the Universal Law, which states that a person must act according to the maxim that he or she can will to become a universal law. Simply put, that maxim behind one’s behavior must be a principle that any other individual can apply, something that one â€Å"can rationally will that everyone adopt† (Van der Linden). Under this Kantian law, the very notion of harming one’s future self becomes a preposterous, if not criminal, idea because one cannot obviously will everybody to follow suit. The believe that in a government working its way towards the equality of its citizens. Freedom, for Kant, is obtained through a universal theory of right. Morality is at the center of Kant’s freedom and this is crucial in forming a government. John got his freedom, through murdering the tyrant. And in this case, the freedom and the rights of the rich man, tyrant as he is, was stepped upon proving the unrighteousness of the action. Kant values the sense of freedom in relation to reason. If man is fated or causally determined, then it is pointless for freedom to exist as man has already a determined course of actions. John earned the trust of the people by recognizing the general will of the community, or what is known as the people’s will. Acknowledging the general will creates the laws of the society. These laws, however, should be grounded by the good of the people. Only with the consent of the people will the laws and, ultimately, the government will turn to be legitimate. Kant defines the ideal government in such a way that morality is at the center of it. And with this notion, the actions of John were not justifiable. John’s government started out with a wrong foot, his concealment of the murder of the tyrant. Although this brought about the freedom of the people, the method of doing so was immoral in Kant’s views. This is the kind of society that is ideally set up. The theme of Kant’s moral philosophy is on how people deserve to be happy and not happiness in itself. This is prevalent in the teachings of John gave away the tyrant’s wealth to the people because they deserve to be happy. The morality of man’s actions does not depend on the outcome of the actions. However, we can control the reason behind the action. The morality then rests upon the motivation behind the action. But a motivation of a positive goal, such as making people happy or benefiting the people the same way as John did, is not the right motive, according to Kant. â€Å"No outcome, should we achieve it, can be unconditionally good. Fortune can be misused, by what we thought would induce benefit that might actually bring harm, and happiness might be undeserved. [†¦] It is the possession of a rationally guided will that adds a moral dimension to one’s acts. So it is the recognition and appreciation of duty itself that must drive our actions† (McCormick 2001). Morality of one’s actions is defined by pursuing a goal with no conditions. The reason is not the means for the ends. â€Å"All means to an end have a merely conditional worth because they are valuable only for achieving something else† (McCormick 2001). Thus, John’s actions were not morally right. He used immoral ways in achieving his goal. And this could also be used in performing other actions leading to harm of other people. Kant stresses that the moral worth of an action is not based on its effects, or on anything else publicly visible about it, but rather on why the agent performed it. Kant believes that the highest good requires both our moral perfection and our well being proportionate to our moral perfection, but we are not capable of bringing about either of those. It is in God that ultimate happiness commensurable to goodness can be experienced. Goodness and happiness can only be reached through actions towards morality, a maxim of duty that disregards the conditions.

Promote Equality & Inclusion Essay

Explain what is meant by Diversity Diversity means differences between individuals according to their nationality, age, culture, ability, race, sexual preference and religion Equality Equality means fairness and justness of individual rights, giving choices and opportunities in respect of individual needs Inclusion Inclusion means involving everybody, empowering individuals, encouraging choice and providing opportunities according to need What are the potential effects of discrimination on individuals Discrimination could potentially damage a service users self-esteem and their ability to develop and maintain a sense of their own identity How would you challenge discrimination if you discovered it in your care setting If I discovered discriminatory behaviour, I would question the person discriminating against the service user and suggest ways in which the service user could be included in the activity. If this did not work, I know how to report my concerns and trust my manager to rev iew and develop policies and procedures accordingly. How does inclusive practice Promote equality If you are including the person in whatever you are doing, you are treating them as a person, a unique being and not letting their disability preclude them from joining in with every activity that they are able to do, within their capabilities. Support diversity Allow people to be individuals and value their differences. Activity 2 (2.1, 2.2,) For each of the terms below Equality Diversity Discrimination Name the legislation that relates to this subject All of the above are now covered by the Equality Act which came into force on the 1st of October 2010. This combines lots of separate pieces of legislation into one single Act and provides a legal framework to protect the rights of individuals and promote equality of opportunity for all. They are also covered by the Human Rights Act 1998, most provisions of which came into force on 2 October 2000. This guarantees the following rights The right to life. The right to freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The right to freedom from slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour. The right to liberty and security of person. The right to a fair and public trial within a reasonable time. The right to freedom from retrospective criminal law and no punishment without law. The right to respect for private and  family life, home and correspondence. The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The right to freedom of expression. The right to freedom of assembly and association. The right to marry and found a family. The prohibition of discrimination in the enjoyment of convention rights. The right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions and protection of property. The right of access to an education. The right of free elections. The right not to be subjected to the death penalty. Identify the code of practice that covers this area The Code of Practice for Health and Social Care Workers covers this area, the principles of which are Commitment to equality, diversity and human rights values. Promoting equality, diversity and human rights in decision making. Advancement of equality, diversity and human rights. Monitoring equality, diversity and human rights performance. Commitment to equal access and open standards. Give an example from your organisational policy of how you apply the code in practice We do not have a specific Policy on Equality, Diversity or Discrimination, but the principles of these are embedded in all our Policies and Procedures. For example, our Policy on Maintaining Privacy and Dignity recognises that most interactions between employees and their service users demonstrate some form of dependence upon the employee, obligations exist therefore to ensure that a code of conduct is observed which ensures that all actions undertaken are the express wishes of the service user are conducted in such a way that the service user does not feel undervalued or inadequate protect privacy and dignity promote respect between the employee and the service user Service users Rights must be respected at all times. Service users have the right to Have their needs properly assessed and to have those needs met on a consistent basis, and to a defined level of quality Receive written information about the care they are receiving, together with its cost Exercise an appropriate degree of control over their lives Make informed choices and take decisions Make a complaint about any aspect of the service they are receiving Receive care, a ttention and services on an equal basis with all others Be protected from any abuse or conduct which is detrimental to their well-being and health Privacy Be treated in a manner which promotes dignity, well-being and understanding. Our Policy states that We will make every effort to ensure that the rights defined above are met on a consistent basis, that employees are adequately trained in, for example,  Protection of Vulnerable Adults (POVA), and will include representative Quality Statements in its Quality Assurance Programme. Our Handover Policy states that all records will be factual, accurate, jargon-free and non-judgemental in their reporting. How does it affect your work role We look at the client as an individual and do not treat her any differently to any other person. We will also protect her from discrimination by others according to the principles outlined in the Human Rights Act. Case Study Using the following situation, describe how you would put the service users interests at the centre of care. A service user has recently been admitted to the care home where you work. She originates from Bangladesh, but has lived locally with her son and his wife for several years. She does not speak or understand much English, as she has never felt the need or had the opportunity to learn the language. She is in the early stages of dementia, and is unable to understand what is happening to her. She lacks awareness of why she cannot live with her son any more. He feels he can no longer cope with her at his ho use and feels guilty because she is now in a residential home. His cultural background is one where there is an expectation on the oldest son to look after his family, which he is unable to fulfil. He comes on a regular basis to see his mother, but when he is not there she will not eat, drink or let anyone do anything for her. How can you ensure that She is not discriminated against She is treated equally All her needs are met I would treat her the same as everyone else, so that she does not feel discriminated against. In the above scenario, it would be important to learn some key words in her own language to help her to understand what is being requested of her so that she does not feel so isolated. We would need to ensure that her needs are met according to her cultural background, this may involve asking for help from her family to ascertain what support is required and how staff can make her feel more at home and also to find out if she has a particular faith and maybe invite the faith leader and members of the congregation to spend some time with her. We would need to make sure that she still has full access to her family. If there is a member of staff that she can relate to, ensure that she has some time with her. Ask the family to attend as often as practicable and maybe invite some of her friends in to spend some time with her. Ascertain whether she has any favourite foods that she will eat. Try to involve her  in the activities of the home and ensure she is included, whilst recognising that she is different ensure she has the same opportunities as everyone else.

The Surf Shoppe in the Cloud Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Surf Shoppe in the Cloud - Assignment Example Their design of these data protection servers assure elimination of points of failure that can be recovered to an acceptable state and point in time in case of site loss, server or data. Following are some of the advantages of single highly protected servers: Centralization: They are centrally controlled and are held by a central administration. They architected with a central control design. They assist in administrating the entire set through a single central unit. Server is wholly responsible for access rights and resource allocation. Proper Management: All the resource files are stored and saved in the single destination. This makes file management real easy and locating files and accessing them becomes real easy. Back-Up and Recovery Possible: Since the entire data is saved and stored on the server, it makes it easy to make their back-ups. Backups do not have to be carried to every workstation. Alongside, if some unforeseen event or breakdown leads to data loss, it can be easily and efficiently recovered. Up gradation and scalability in client Server Head: Incase of the need of changes, they are easy to be made through simple server up gradation. If further any new changes are to be made or added, they can be made by making simple changes to the server. Accessibility: The server can be assessed remotely from various platforms in the network. Security: At the set up server time rules defining security and access rights are defined. However, the protected server incorporated by the Surf Shoppe Project Manager can face certain disadvantages. Some of them are following: Congestion in Network: When there are too many requests from the customers and server needs rapid enhancements, it can lead to congestion. As the total bandwidth of the network does not increase as the number of peers increase, overload can lead to breaking down of server. Not Robust: These single highly protected servers are very robust or strong. If the server fails, the whole network might g o down. Further, in case of abandonment of the server because of some error during file downloading, downloading gets affected altogether. Even no broken parts of the file can be accessed. Costly and Difficult to set up: The cost of their setup is real expensive since installing this type involves high cost and is equally complex to set up. It can only be done by professionals and consultants. (Davies, 2008; Commvault, 2013) 2. Provide a recommendation for the additional equipment they should have to guarantee high availability and reliable application, file, and print services (e.g., NAS, RAID, etc.). As an additional equipment to guarantee high availability and reliability of applications, NAS is highly recommendable. NAS stands for Network attached Storage. It is an additional storage volume accessible over a network. They are incorporate with all the essential features of a common personal computer based server. It can provide centralized back up, file sharing, print sharing and remote access. Just simply within the capacity of a single unit, NAS can be a centralized file, print server, backup target and a lot more. It also is capable of the following, Photo and video sharing. Surveillance System. Time machine support along with iTunes and iPhone applications. Website Hosting. Expansion enclosures. 3. Sam Ayam suggests that you consider using a private cloud concept for maintaining data confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) between the Surf Shoppe and MegaCorp

Life Span Human Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life Span Human Development - Essay Example Moreover, according to the Government of Saskatchewan (1999) there is also a multi-dimensional component insofar as the theory holds that there is a biological, cognitive, socio-emotional and spiritual dimension. From this perspective one could argue that a person could develop into a number of different paths owing to a number of different lifelong conditions. Without question the interaction of hereditary factors and the environment interplay with each other to produce differences in human development. According to Sigelman & Rider (2009) it is the case that one’s genes are patterned throughout our entire lifespan. Whilst many people have commonalities in the way we age and develop physiologically there remains a profound difference in the way we may develop on an individual basis. Some people may be more tall or short or perhaps athletic or sickly. These factors play a major influence on our development. Moreover, people put into different environments may develop different ly. For example people in an abusive environment may develop differently than people in a more nurturing environment. From this perspective there are a number of separate internalities and externalities that help shape who we are over the course of our life. References Government of Saskatchewan (1999) The Lifespan Perspective on Human Development.

Presentism and Human Sacrifice in the Aztec Empire Essay

Presentism and Human Sacrifice in the Aztec Empire - Essay Example Among many other distinguishing features, the practice of human sacrifice is a custom that the Aztecs are known for. The sacrifices, which were made for ritualistic and religious purposes have assumed centrality in many contemporary academic debates. It is thus pertinent to discuss and analyze whether it is indeed accurate to judge the practices of the Mesoamerican period using the parameters of contemporary moralities. In Discovering the Global Past, the authors Wiesner, Wheeler, Doeringer and Curtis seek to study the Aztec culture from the perspective of the European colonizers as well as those of the indigenous Aztec people. The historical and ethnographic accounts of Bernardino de Sahagun are particularly important in this regard. In the section titled ‘Aztec accounts of temples, palaces, and games related to Bernadino de Sahagun’, the work shows how the Aztec ritual of human sacrifice had a complex logic of its own, and was not a practice of meaningless violence as it is often portrayed to be (Wiesner). The Aztecs believed that human life was sustained by a continuous sacrifice made by the gods. They used the term tonacayotl for this purpose, which roughly translates into ‘the necessary spiritual bodily sacrifice’ on earth. ... Sahagun’s accounts show that the lofty temple-pyramids of the Aztecs served as the site for these sacrifices. Unbiased historical research has also shown that it is incorrect to assume that the only the common folk were victimized as a result of this practice. Such a claim can be refuted at many levels, the primary being the fact that slaves in the Aztec empire, who constituted the majority of those who were offered for sacrifice, were not determined by birth. Rather, they could be people from any social rank who had committed anything unlawful. In fact, there is evidence to believe that the people embraced and incorporated the custom in their lives quite willingly. Historical accounts also how that the Aztec rulers sacrificed their own blood to ensure the well-being of their subjects. The six parts to each chapter in Discovering the Global Past reflect an attempt to consider multifarious historical events and periods in a systematic, pedagogic manner. There is also a thorough investigation of the root causes of the cultural bias which has become an almost intrinsic part of most models of historical study regarding the Native American civilizations. Most of the colonial accounts of the Aztec empire were formulated during the years of the siege of Tenochtitlan by the Spaniards under the leadership of  Hernan Cortes. Perhaps it can be argued that the racism of the European colonizers, triggered by religious orthodoxy, was the first governing cause which shaped the colonial impulse. The flawed academic approach of presentism, too, can be attributed to certain kind of racism, and an inability to understand or appreciate other cultures. Presentism which labeled the Aztec ritual of human sacrifices as inhuman and barbaric

Auditor scepticism is an increasing concern for the profession and Essay

Auditor scepticism is an increasing concern for the profession and stakeholders of UK Companies - Essay Example Despite of that, some companies still comes up with unreal data and manages to evade tax. According to reports, the major reason behind this phenomenon is the reduced scepticism level among the auditors. In UK, due to reduced scepticism among the auditors, stakeholders are finding it difficult to make proper decision pertaining to investment. As before investing, it is essential for the stakeholders to have confidence in the companies where they are investing. Therefore to get deep insights about the issue, the report will emphasize on how auditor scepticism is becoming a cause of concern for the stakeholders of the companies based on UK. In addition the report will also cover the areas associated with auditor scepticism. Finally based on the findings of the study, a conclusion will be drawn and recommendations regarding how auditor’s scepticism can be improved will be made. Auditor scepticism can be defined as the level of cynicism that an auditor needs to employ while conducting an audit. The notion became prominent in recent times when issues such as banking crisis came in the limelight. The regulatory authorities have raised question on the auditing firms on whether they demonstrated the level of scepticism needed to carry out an audit (Kan, 2007). Similarly in UK, the stakeholders of the companies are getting increasingly concerned about the low level of scepticism among the auditors. In addition to this, the auditing profession is also getting negatively impacted. According to auditing standards (ISA 200) professional scepticism is defined as an attitude that includes a questioning mind, being alert to conditions which may indicate possible misstatement due to error or fraud, and a critical assessment of audit evidence (PCAOB, 2010). Based on this definition, it can be identified that scepticism has high influence on the scope of the work. In addit ion, it also help the auditor’s to analyse the findings of audit thereby concluding whether appropriate evidences has been acquired for proving whether accounts are depicting true and fair view. There is a belief about the fact that a sceptical mind set and attitude is essential for an audit to be rigorous and carried out with a professional care. Scepticism is also important as it plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of an audit. On the other hand too much scepticism negatively impacts the audit process. Hence a right balance of scepticism is necessary for an audit. However there is no predefined or standard degree of scepticism required to put into practice (Financial Reporting Council, 2010). The principal objective an audit is to enable that the auditors provide an outlook on the financial statements. The purpose is also to provide reasonable declaration that the

Judaism , Christianity and Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Judaism , Christianity and Islam - Essay Example Knowledge of God and certain religious practices have been handed down from one generation to another even before the age of written history. In the case of the three monotheistic religions, oral traditions have been documented in scriptures, and for which the claim to divine inspiration and revelation had become a common basis of faith and devotion. The Hebrew bible detailed the story of Israel in the light of the covenant between God and His people, and depicts a continuing saga of that relationship and of the saving acts of God. Christians, on the other hand refer to the Old Testament (sourced out from the same Jewish bible) as historical documentation of salvation and prophesies over the coming messiah. The fulfillment of such prophesies and salvation, however is contained in the New Testament which detailed the teachings of Christ, His death and resurrection, and ascension to heaven, including the spread of Christianity shortly after He went up to heaven. For Muslims, the very w ord of Allah, was revealed to the prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel. According to Muslim tradition, after this ecstatic experience Muhammad was able to recite exactly what he had been told. The term Qur’an, which means recitation,† occurs several times in the text itself; the term refers either to a fragment of the revelation or to the entire collection of revelations that are known as the Qur’an, the holy book of Islam (Microsoft Encarta) . All scriptures, each creed uses, tells us the story of the promise God made to Abraham, â€Å"I will shower blessings on you, I will make your descendants as many as the stars of heaven and the grains of sand on the seashore† (Genesis 22:17 - JB). There and then, the verse became the basis as to why the three religions are collectively referred to as â€Å"Abrahamic.† Both â€Å"Jews and Muslims, as well as Christians, trace

TRS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TRS - Essay Example In addition, humanity gets a deeper understanding of God through the saints. Interestingly, these saints are a reflection of colors needed within the church. For example, saint Francis of Assisi speaks of truths concerning God. However, he does not entirely reflect the fullness of God hence the need for other saints. In summary, saints are a part of the church and are a connecting point between God and human beings. It is quite interesting that the saints reflect color to the church. Moreover, they enable the church have a deeper understanding of God. This is interesting because saints are more of a church’s ideology. Arguably, no one but God knows the real state of the hurts of men. Additionally, one could never know the real intentions of the hearts of people. Arguably, saints are considered by the acts. On the other hand, they reflect light, which may not be understandable to humanity unless deeply rooted in the practices of Catholicism. In summary, Catholics hold saints in high

Final exam ( very important to finish on time ) Essay - 1

Final exam ( very important to finish on time ) - Essay Example As an example, legacy applications are software designed and implemented in the previous decade and have limited functionality. At the same time, web applications use the latest programming techniques, gather inputs from a variety of sources and offer many new functionalities, features and modules (p. 16-17). Hence, the same approach of software engineering cannot be applied to them. Prototyping model is a part of the prescriptive process model and is a part of the evolutionary process model. In prototyping, the customer defines a general set of objectives for functions and features. The developer then uses these requirements as the basis, identifies the requirements and then creates a prototype model for the software that is further refined until the final product is ready (p. 43-44). The prototype model is used to develop applications used by a organizations in different sectors namely, banking, insurance, manufacturing and retail. As an example, banking applications have requirements such as registering the customer, assigning an account number for each customer and tracking their account related activities. On the other hand, a manufacturing firm produces a small range of products with a fixed number of parts. In this case, the prototype model must allow the organization to track each part, assist the marketing department in sales, aid the accounts departmen t to carry out billing and so on (p. 45). The Manifesto for Agile Development has the objective of finding better ways of developing software and it is based on four values (p. 65). However, some situations can arise that can vitiate the development procedure and create trouble for the software team. These possible situations are briefly discussed as follows. Individuals and interactions over processes and tools: Process and tools specify protocols and methods in which they

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Example for Free

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Love is one of the most immense feelings a human can experience. Love is a deep tender feeling of affection and attachment and devotion to another person. Countless people experience love, both, as non-romantic with their families and romantic love with a special person who comes into their life. When people are on the expedition for love, people may become blindsided by infatuation or what is commonly referred to as lust. Infatuation is being completely carried away by a foolish or shallow affection. Individuals can accept infatuation instead of love, or they cannot tell the difference between the two. One of the many themes in A Midsummer Night’s Dream is love vs. infatuation. Love is stronger, no matter what the circumstance may be. The play A Midsummer Night’s Dream investigates and portrays the intricate relationships among three couples. The relationships become jumbled up and turn into a love triangle. The first couple introduced in A Midsummer Night’s Dream is Lysander and Hermia. Lysander and Hermia truly symbolize the wholesome meaning of romantic love. Their love is exceedingly strong, which makes the lovers inseparable. The play does a wonderful job of showing the concrete stages of their relationship. One example is why Hermia’s love is strong, is that she listens to her father, Egeus, but then makes her own decision, based on her own feelings and not those of her family or society, to commit to Lysander. In the play, Hermia’s father wants her to marry Demetrius and not Lysander. Hermia also went against Theseus, the Duke of Athens, and defied the ancient law of Athens, by choosing to continue her bond with Lysander even though it might mean her death or lifelong chastity. Love is stronger than infatuation, because it means two people making a long term commitment to each other, which does not happen in infatuation. An example of this is when Hermia and Lysander run away together to the forest where they do not know what awaits them. They are putting their trust and faith into each other: †¦If thou lovest me then Steal forth thy father’s house tomorrow night. And in the woods a league without the town- Where I did meet thee once with Helena To do observance to a morn of May- There will I stay for thee. (1.1.163-168) Love is also stronger than infatuation, because it means respecting a person, whereas infatuation is only pleasing yourself. Lysander showed his love and respect of Hermia by not sleeping near her at the river bank, at the edge of the forest even though he wanted to. While love can also have some elements of infatuation such as physical attraction, love is a deeper emotion where a person cares about the reputation of their loved one, and would not harm it. However, with infatuation, a person only wants instant pleasure and does not care about the long term harm it may cause. While love is a very strong bond, there can be cracks in love’s foundation, which may temporarily cause a breach. We see this when Lysander receives the magic potion from Puck, and becomes temporarily infatuated with Helena, and carried away by an unreasonable desire for another woman other than the one he truly loves, if he were not under the spell of infatuation. When the infatuation is lifted, Lysander understands his foolishness, and immediately goes back to Hermia. At the end of the play, Egeus and Theseus realize that Lysander and Hermia are truly in love, strongly committed to each other, and not just infatuated, and give their blessings for the marriage. The second couple is Helena and Demetrius. Demetrius had Egeus’ blessing for Hermia’s hand in marriage, but Hermia rejected Demetrius because of her love for Lysander. As can be seen in Demetrius actions, infatuation can often be just one sided, where the stronger bond of love must be two sided. While Demetrius believed he loved Hermia, he was willing to stalk her in the forest, and try to take her away from Lysander, even though she did not return Demetrius’ love. This is only infatuation on Demetrius’ part, and not a mature love. Demetrius is only concerned about getting what he wants, and pleasing himself, and does not take into account the feelings, hopes or desires of Hermia. Helena, who was Hermia’s best friend, betrays her friend because of Helena’s one-sided and obsessive infatuation for Demetrius. Infatuation can make a person do terrible things both to themselves and to their friends. An example of this is when Hermia asks Helena not to tell of Hermia’s plan to escape to the forest with Lysander, but Helena goes against her longtime friend simply so she can look better in the eyes of Demetrius: I will go tell him of fair Hermias flight: Then to the wood will he to-morrow night Pursue her; and for this intelligence If I have thanks, it is a dear expense: But herein mean I to enrich my pain, To have his sight thither and back again. (1.1.143-152) Even though Demetrius makes cruel insults to Helena, she does not listen to him, and misguidedly continues to have an unreasonable belief that Demetrius will come to love her, and follows him into the forest. This feeling that Helena has is not true faithful love, but an obsessive infatuation which causes her to lie and betray her lifelong friend and herself, all over a man who is a womanizer and has no feelings for Helena. In Helena’s case she only sees Demetrius as what she wants him to be like, and not his real self. Therefore, in that sense, infatuation can be stronger than love because it can make a person not see the reality about another, but only what that person wants to see. It can temporarily destroy common sense. By a trick, and not Demetrius’ own true feelings, a potion causes him to love Helena, and they eventually marry. However, this is not true love because there is no selflessness by either, and no solid partnership, their feelings are all due to sorcerery. Infatuation is usually never very long lasting, and we know that if the love potion does finally wear off it is doubtful that Helena and Demetrius will continue to be happy with each other. However, on the other hand infatuation can lead to love over time, as each person really gets to know the other and accept each other for the person they really are, flaws and all. For Helena and Demetrius, the long term future of their relationship is left to the reader’s imagination, and is never answered. The last couple is Titania, the fairy queen, and Bottom. Titania is already married to Oberon, the king of the fairies. Oberon wants Titania’s ward, who is a changeling Indian boy, and Titania does not want to give the boy to Oberon. Oberon uses his assistant to apply a magic flower juice to Titania as both a joke and punishment for her failure to do what Oberon wants. This causes Titania to fall in love with the first thing she sees, which is Bottom, a craftsman, who has been changed into an ass by a mischievous fairy named Puck. Titania shows unrestrained passion for Bottom, and therefore he goes with her to the fairy land without even knowing who she is. This is infatuation because it causes both Titania and Bottom to be carried away by intense emotion, and do something they would not normally do. This illustrates that in the short term, infatuation seems to be stronger than love, because a person does things in the heat of the moment to gratify their own pleasure without consideration to the long term effects, to either themselves or to others. However, when the spell of infatuation wears off, the intense feelings of what a person thought was love is totally gone, and feelings of embarrassment and regret usually take their place. Therefore, infatuation is not really stronger than love. We see this illustrated when Oberon tells Titania she is under the spell of the love-in-idleness flower. Titania realizes the love is phony and accepts to Oberon’s offer that if she gives up the Indian boy, Oberon will liberate the magic flowers enchantment: When I had at my pleasure taunted her And she in mild terms beggd my patience, I then did ask of her her changeling child; Which straight she gave me, and her fairy sent To bear him to my bower in fairy land. And now I have the boy, I will undo (4.1.55-60) Also as to the relationship between Oberon and Titania, it is questionable that Oberon really loves Titania. Oberon was willing to harm her and their relationship, by using her to get a possession that he wanted. Love is a strong faith in your partner, and a willingness to make sacrifices for the good of the relationship. Oberon did not have faith in Titania, and felt justified in imposing his own will over hers. However, love is not always smooth, and it means accepting a person for their flaws. Both Oberon and Titania are aware of the flaws of each other, but stay together as a couple, showing that love is a stronger emotion than infatuation. Love, and not infatuation, is the strongest emotion in A Midsummer Night’s Dream because it enriches several of the couple’s lives and has the potential to make them happy on a long term basis. Love is a connection to another person that is made up of friendship and respect and is nourishing to both. This is shown by Hermia and Lysander’s relationship. However, love must be worked at, and it is a promise that can be broken. We see that even with a strong love, Lysander could fall under the spell of infatuation and temporarily turn away from Hermia, or that Oberon could play a mean trick on Titania. While infatuation is not bad, it is usually not enduring like love. It is based on idealizing someone, rather than seeing the real person, flaws and all. In Titania’s case, under the spell of infatuation she was blind to reality, and she was passionate for Bottom, even though he looked like a donkey. Infatuation makes one physically happy but not emotionally happy; therefore it is a lesser emotion than love. We see with all the couples that they have fun with their sexuality and passion, when they are under the spell of infatuation, but except for Helena and Demetrius, they all finally wake from it, and see that it was only shallow and temporary and made them act foolishly. Therefore, while infatuation is very strong and can make a sensible person put aside their common sense, infatuation will lose its grip on a person given time. Love on the other hand, has the potential to last forever if it is worked at, and simply makes a couple both emotionally and physical happy.

Herbert Packer: Crime Control Model

Herbert Packer: Crime Control Model Herbert Packers Crime Control Model and Due Process Model Herbert Packers Crime Control Model of Criminal Justice is More Needed Today Than the Due Process Model of Deterring Crime. In contemporary society, criminal justice is defined as governments policy and legal obligations to ensure the accused and the victim are treated justly by the law enforcement agencies. Criminal justice system, however, varies from government to government depending on the inclination taken by the law enforcers in deterring crime. Indeed the major work of criminal justice is doing justice, controlling crime and preventing crime (Cole, Smith, DeJong, 2012, pg, 126). It is achieved through rules and regulations of justice institutions, arresting, prosecuting and punishing offenders and incorporating the efforts of the citizens in crime prevention. For criminal justice to effectively achieve its goals, the system adopts a model which is constitutionally and procedurally applicable. The most common model is Herbert Packers crime-control model and due process model. Crime Control Model According to Bibas (2012, pg, 30), crime-control model is based on the need to convict the guilty and do so accurately without delay, and at the same breath ensure efficiency. Law enforcers have a duty to avoid to be seen going against the law, since they too cannot escape scrutiny from the legal representatives of the victims. It is aimed at reducing incidence of crime within the society without considering or curtailing accused individuals rights. It increases the prosecutorial powers of law enforcement agencies and believes that crime can be reduced by arresting and punishing the offender. Jaishankar (2009, pg, 261) explains the crime control model as the suppression of criminal activities without any delays, it allows for extrajudicial processes so long as the offender is convicted. In this model, societal comfort overrides individual rights and, therefore, the government is obliged to do anything to protect the society. The failure of the law enforcement agencies to eliminate th e occurrence of criminal conducts is viewed as a lapse in public order and deterioration in human freedom (Jaishankar, 2009, pg, 261). In order for the crime –control model to achieve its intentions, efficiency must be paramount within the criminal justice system. The system should have the capacity to apprehend, try, convict and dispose of criminal of offenders. Unlike the due process model, the crime control model is swift, since it works prior to an actual crime (Purpura, 2011, pg, 164); the governments burden of proof is minimal compared to other models (Hall, 2014, pg, 337). The Due Process Model The due process model places emphasis on the integrity of human rights, factual guilt and the fairness of the process (Hall, 2014, pg, 336). It combines the liberal criminology and the general procedural fairness for the accused, since his arrest, through the prosecution (Siegel, 2008, pg, 478). Generally, this model is founded on the need to adhere to individual justice, treatment and rehabilitation of the guilty. Whenever discretion in the criminal justice exists, then the accused civil rights should be protected in all circumstances (Siegel, 2008, pg, 478). The most important consideration in the due process model is the supreme protection of individual rights; other efficiency factors like cost, speed, identifying and punishing offenders are a secondary consideration. Compared to the crime control model, due process model has a cumbersome process with low efficiency; the conviction standard is legal and factual and, therefore, the burden of proof must be convinced beyond doubt. ( Hall, 2014, pg, 337). Although the government has a high burden of proof, it has a leeway to intrusions; for instance, it requires minimal evidence to institute a search for a property than bind a defendant over to trial (Hall, 2014, pg, 337). Advocates for this model are protectors of civil rights and often view law enforcement officers as violators of constitutional rights (Siegel, 2008, pg, 478). There is a notion that the minority and the poor are subjected to unfair treatment by the law. This perception is triggered by statistical data that indicate the poor and the marginalized groups are the most maltreated in the criminal justice system. It aims at protecting citizens from those who punish and treat them without regarding their constitutional rights. Many situations have been documented showing defendants who lacked resources suffering a wrong conviction only to be exonerated later when DNA is done (Siegel, 2008, pg, 478). In summary the due process model centers on accuracy in freeing the innocent, fairness and rights (Bibas, 2012, pg, 30). Parkers crime – control model and the due process model are valuable and enable civil forfeiture to be understood and analyzed (Jaishankar, 2009, pg, 261). However, the two models have teething problems noted, firstly, crime control is the ultimate goal of criminal justice and, therefore, anything contrary to that tempers with this goal (Jaishankar, 2009, pg, 262). Secondly, the due process model should not be compared with crime –control model because the former facilitates the achievement of the latter (Jaishankar, 2009, pg, 262). In the due process model the accused is perceived innocent until proven in a court of law, unlike the crime control model where the arrested should be punished. Supporting Crime – Control Model to Deter Crime Today In the two models, crime control model is more needed now that due process model in deterring crime. Research has indicated that criminal activities are on the rise globally than ever recorded in the history of man. Lynch (2004, pg, 59) indicates an increased incidence of crime reported in the unified crime reports in the United States of America. These statistics can be used to give a global projection of crime rate; increasing rate of crime in the USA can be extrapolated to indicate an increase in crime rates in the world. This is exemplified by the different technology oriented crimes like cyber- bullying, theft of information from the internet, identity theft, credit card fraud, bank fraud, telemarketing fraud, counterfeiting and terrorism all are new types of crime bein experienced globally. In addition, transnational crimes have increased due to relative free movement of people across countries. This scenario indicates a clear need to have efficient and reliable mechanisms of d ealing with this trend; such mechanism can be employed by the criminal justice system by adopting crime- control model. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reports that due to increase in crime the office was established; it helps in capacity building of policy makers, practitioners in the area of crime prevention, experts, civil society and media in fighting the new wave. Indeed, certain individual rights must be sacrificed for the sake of the greater good. Since the inception of the term ‘War on Crime many crime control strategies which include increased patrols in high crime areas, traffic stops, undercover sting operations, aggressive raids and wiretapping surveillance has been employed. All these activities have minimal consideration of individual raids, but ultimately the society benefits more by peaceful existence. Like any other war, the fight against crime has causalities; however, the society eventually lives in peace. The proponents of due process model ignore the fact that the society is greater than an individual is. In any society, the guilty should not be protected at the expense of the innocent. For example, in America after the September 11th terrorist attack, many lives were lost and suffering caused due to the terrorist plans, the government had to make a decision whether it is prudent to protect the rights of a few individuals or to ensure the safety of all Americans. It is important to recognize that on numerous occasions people are faced with ideological challenges to make decisions about. One such issue occurred after September 11th when it was mandatory to identify, search and eliminate terrorists. The society due to increasing crime rates has complained about the polices pace of conducting investigations. This is a weakness of the due process model, particularly if the police are not certain whether a crime was committed (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2004, pg 78). Sometimes prosecutors face challenges were substantial evidence against the defendant is lacking, but the accused committed the crime; under due process model, such accused should be exonerated (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2004, pg 78). Most of the accused released due to lack of credible evidence continue perpetrating crime in the society, however, some of them are threatened and intimidated. In the old adage, two wrongs do not make a right one would argue that denial of the accused individual rights is not right even if he indeed has done wrong. Importantly, strategies, crime perpetrators engage in are dynamic (Braga, Flynn, Kelling and Cole, 2011, pg, 22), this requires the criminal justice to be dynamic in its approach including being inhuman in some aspects. The latest crime control mechanism, which involved eavesdropping on Germanys chancellor conversations, was an infringement on her individual rights and freedom of association. It led to an international outcry, however, that was part of the contemporary strategy to control crime in an era when criminal activities have evolved. Around the world, there is a criminal justice shift towards crime control model ( Braga, et. al. 2011,pg, 29). This is a proactive approach where suspects prior to committing a crime are arrested, prosecuted to isolate them from the society. Modern day concentration camps exist in many countries, including but not to Americas Gautama Bay, the essence is isolating crime perpetrators and letting the society continue with normal lives. Conclusion Seemingly, compared to due process model, which is more sympathetic to the innocent; crime- control model is dynamic, proactive and helps maintain order in the society. It is important as it is used in contemporary criminal justice systems to deter many people who may have intentions of committing a crime. The strategies employed will enable many governments to efficiently and affordably deter the occurrence of crime in their areas of jurisdiction. Transnational movement of people influenced by the globalization result to many offenders evading justice where they perpetrated. The Crime – control model is suitable in ensuring fast dispensation of justice. References Bibas, S. (2012). The Machinery in Criminal Justice. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. Braga, A. A., Flynn, E., Kelling, G. and Cole, C. (2011). New Perceptive in Policing: Moving the work of Criminal Investigators Towards Crime Control. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. Cole, G., Smith, C. and DeJong C. (2012). The American System of Criminal Justice. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014 Hall, D.E. (2014). Criminal Law and Procedure. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. Jainshankar, K. (2009). International Perspectives on Crime and Justice. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. (2004). (UCR) and National Crime Victimization Survey. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. Lynch, A. (2004). Understanding Crime Statistics. Web. Accessed on 14.5.2015 Purpura, P. (2011). Terrorism and Homeland Security: An Introduction with Applications. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014 Siegel, L. (2008). Criminology. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (Ned) Crime Congress. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014

Traitor in The Defector Episode of Star Trek Essays -- Star Trek Trait

Traitor in The Defector Episode of Star Trek In "The Defector," Jarroc becomes a traitor when he betrays the Romulan Empire. Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has several definitions for "betrayal," but the one we are interested in is the second, which reads, "to deliver to an enemy by treachery" (109). By defecting and telling the Federation of the Romulan plan to invade, Jarroc does just that. Merriam-Webster's further defines a traitor as "one who betrays another's trust or is false to an obligation or duty" (1252). By defecting to the Federation and using information that the Romulan High Council gave him in trust to harm the Romulan Empire, Jarroc became a traitor. Until the very end of the show, Jarroc did not believe that he was a traitor. When Riker asked him why he had set his ship to self-destruct (thereby keeping the Federation from learning its secrets), Jarroc replied, "Wouldn't you? To keep your ship from being captured?" Riker became a little upset and said, "Excuse me, Setal, but I thought you were defecting." Jarroc's reply illustrates his attitude: "I am not a traitor" ("The Defector"). One's attitude toward a particular instance of defection (forsaking one cause, party, or nation for another often because of a change in ideology) depends almost entirely upon the observer's position (Merriam 302). Riker equates defection with treason. As we see later in the episode, so do the Romulans. Jarroc, though, has a unique position. Though he has defected (he does not deny it), he still does not think of himself as a traitor. Jarroc does not finally give in and commit treason (in his own mind) until near the end of the episode, when he meet s with Picard. Picard refuses to move until Jarroc provides some evid... ...betrayed himself. Also, by failing in his mission to save his children by keeping the Romulans from going to war, he betrayed his unofficial oath to them. War was the Romulans' aim--Tomalak explicitly said so during the confrontation in the Neutral Zone. Thanks to good planning on Picard's part, though, the Romulans' plans did not come to fruition. Jarroc's daughter would not die in the war that he had been lead to believe was coming, but his actions did not save her. Jarroc himself puts it most succinctly when he says, "I did it for nothing. My home, my family . . . for nothing." Works Cited Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th Edition. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1993. "The Defector." Prod. Ira Steven Behr. Dir. Robert Sheerer. Perf. Patrick Stewart and James Sloyan. Star Trek: The Next Generation. Syndicated. KBVO, Austin. 14 Jan. 1990

Fronteir Exceptionalism :: essays research papers

What is exceptionalism? As defined by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, is it: 1) the condition of being exceptional or unique; and 2) the theory or belief that something, especially a nation, doesn’t conform to a pattern or a norm. Some historians credit the terms origins to Alex de Tocqueville, the 19th century French historian. Since colonial times, Americans felt of themselves as the preeminent example of a social and morally advanced society. John Winthrop’s ‘City on a Hill’ illustrated the Puritan religious tones for these ideals. After the Revolution, a combination of secular and sacred ideologies formed that saw the United States as providentially selected to be a ‘divine stage’ for liberty and a new world order. But don’t all peoples of a nation feel an exceptional pride in their nation? Why did/do American’s feel that way? I believe one of the most fundamentally important facets that contributed to the American exceptionalism spirit this time was the frontier. The frontier, whether a place or process, certainly shaped American thought from a ragtag colonial cluster to a hegemon with muscular muster. I disagree with many Turnerian protà ©gà ©s, however, in that the process of settling the frontier was not a series of successes. The new ‘reappraisal’ of western history shows that not all courses of action taken resulted in progress. Patricia Limerick discusses this well in her essay entitled What on Earth is New Western History? In this essay she tries to quell old myths that are celebrated by those who would like to hold on with a blind eye to false stories. But these interpretations of the west are just as vitally important as the Indian and cowboy mystique. The concept of America and what an American is was fashioned from the combination of myth versus reality. Most of my paper will be examining these topics from Limerick, Ridge and Richard White’s When Frederick Jackson Turner and Buffalo Bill Cody Both Played Chicago in 1893. Turner and Cody told the story of the west in two starkly different angles, and with two different approaches. Turner’s narrative was one that told of large, empty expanse of free land that was there for the taking, and was basically free from violence. Cody’s Wild West showed an adventure of conquest and persecution at the hands of the Indians, a ‘correct representation of life on the plains’.(47) But when the two are taken into account together, the biases of each bring to light the complexities that shadowed their explanation for their perspective.

PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP Auditors? Independence Issues & Violations :: essays research papers fc

SEC Concerned with Changes in the Public Accounting Profession The SEC and the former Chairman Arthur Levitt Jr. were extremely concerned that the public accounting firms were violating the auditors independence rules addressed through the Securities Exchange Acts. Auditing firms now had dual citizenship in public companies: (1) they issued opinions on audited financial statements and (2) they participated in various consulting engagements for those same companies. Levitt's solution was to split auditing and consulting. The former Chairman was concerned that the public would lose confidence in the financial markets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and the whole system would be jeopardized. Public Accounting Revenues vs. Consulting Revenues by 1999 By 1976, audit fees accounted for approximately 70% of total revenue earned by any accounting firm in general. According to the Public Accounting Report, an Atlanta newsletter, the auditing and assurance services revenues dropped to 30% and tax services business accounted for 19% of the total revenues earned in 1999. Mathematically speaking, this means management consulting services accounted for approximately 51% of the total revenue being earned in 1999 by public accounting firms. Fact: According to The Business Journal's Book of Lists, PwC had $75 million in South Florida billings in 1998 to place third among accounting firms. SEC Auditors’ Independence Rule The independence rules require that auditors refrain from investing in companies that they audit, to ensure objective, truthful reporting and opinion. The rule applies to all auditors, their relatives, spouses, dependents, non-dependents, and, in some cases, associates must disclose all holdings. On the September 25, 2002 issue of BusinessWeekOnline.com, the Accounting Wars Powerful auditor-consultants are the target of Arthur Levitt’s crusade articles defined â€Å"Independence to mean, CPAs cannot audit their own or their partners' work†¦.†¦..clear and honest information is dependent on the CPAs independence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦an auditor must not have any financial stake in the health, or even survival, of a client company.† There are those in the profession that believe this rule is archaic and does not hold any value in today’s financial world. Barry Melancon, President and CEO of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants stated, â€Å"The SEC has a right to expect the profession to adhere to the rules; however, the profession has a right to expect the regulatory environment to remain modern.† Fact: In 1933, when Congress first required public financial reports, lawmakers debated whether audit fees would taint auditors' independence. PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP is a public accounting firm formed through a merger between Coopers & Lybrand LLP and Price Waterhouse LLP, which was consummated on or about July 1, 1998.

The Tendention of Using American English

Introduction A. Background English, one of the most spoken languages in the world, has a lot of variants. The most well-known English variants are British and American English. Although British and American English are the same language, they have some differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and spelling (http://www. uta. fi/FAST/US1/REF/usgbintr. html, 2011). However. one variant cannot be said to be superior to the other because both have been standardized (Kemmer,2009).Despite no course about the differences between British and American English, PBI students they are still able to communicate using English. It was not known whether they tend to use British or American English. Their ability to recognize those variants of English is also questioned. Therefore, their use of American and Btritish English is studied in this research. B. Research Problems Based on the description above, the problems that can be formulated are: 1. Do PBI students more frequently use British t han American English vocabulary? . What is the tendency of PBI students in using British and American English pronunciation? 3. How successful do PBI students in identifying reading and listening passage of British and American English? 4. What is PBI students’consistency in using British and American English? C. Aims The aims of this research are: 1. to analyze whether PBI students more frequently use British English or American English vocabulary. 2. to analyze the tendency of PBI students in using British English and American English pronunciation. 3. o analyze the ability of PBI students in identifying reading and listening passage of British English and American English. 4. to analyze PBI students’ consistency in using British and American English. D. Benefits By conducting this research, the benefit that the researchers can get is to widen the knowledge concerning the differences between British and American English. For science, it is expected that this research paper can contribute to Linguistics course material. For the next researcher, this paper is expected to be able to be used as a reference to conduct a research with a similar topic.E. Scope To narrow down the discussion of this research, the researchers limit the research to the use of British and American English among PBI students of Sanata Dharma University year 2010. The other limitations are British and American English vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling. The researchers do not study the use of British and American English among PBI Sanata Dharma other than year 2010 and other aspects of differences between British and American English such as grammar. Previous Studies/Related Theories English, one of the most spoken languages in the world, has a lot of variants.The most well-known English variants are British and American English. Although British and American English are the same language, they have some differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and spelling. T he differences in grammatical pattern can be seen in these examples: BrEAmE half an hour a half hour five dollars a pair (five dollars the pair) at university at the university administration are administration is team are team is government are government is plenty of time plenty time half of the world half the world need it badly need it bad eally hard real hard now right now have you got†¦? do you have†¦? Ihaven’t got†¦ I don’t have†¦ try to help them try help them The differences are also found in some verbs form: BrEAmE burn – burnt – burnt burn – burned – burned dream – dreamt – dreamt dream – dreamed – dreamed mow – mowed –mown mow – mowed – mowed shine – shone – shone shine – shined – shined learn – learnt – learnt learn – learned – learned bet – betted – betted bet – bet – be t dive – dived – dived dive – dove – dived pleaded – pleaded -pleaded plead – pled – pledThe differences in spelling are for example in the words: BrEAmE colour, honour, labour, neighbour color, honor, labor, neighbor calibre, centre, fibre, theatre caliber, center, fiber, theater travelled, cancelled, labeledtraveled, canceled, labeled kidnapped, worshippedkidnaped, worshiped skilful, wilful, enrolment skillful, willful, enrollment defence, offence, pretence defense, offense, pretense abridgement, judgement abridgment, judgment authorise, characterise, colonise, authorize, characterize, colonizeThe differences in pronunciation can be explained by following explanation: 1. Br [a:] before -f, -s, -S, m, n is pronounced [? ] (ask, after, half, path, chance, plant, sample) 2. Br [i] in timid, America is often pronounced [? ] 3. Br [a] in but, hurry is pronounced closer to [? ] 4. AmE does not leave out the r-sounds in better, perceive, b ird, here, poor 5. Br [ju:] after consonants d, t, n is pronounced [u:], eg. duty, tune, new 6. BrE reduces the secondary stress more than AmE, eg. secretary, secondary, necessary 7.Suffix -ile is pronounced [-? l] in AmE and [-ail] in BrE, eg. agile, fertile, hostile, mobile The differences in pronunciation are in for example in the words: BrE AmE resource [ri’zo:s] [ri:so:s] figure [fig? ] [figj? r] leisure [lez? ] [li:z? r] either [ai ] [i: r] research [ri’s? :c] [ri:s? :rc] glacier [gl? si? ] [gleis? r] schedule [sedju? l] [skedz? l] and so on. The differences in vocabulary are for example in the words: BrEAmE public toilets restrooms curriculum vitae resume, personal history the cinema the movies, the movie theater ift elevator lorrytruck pavement sidewalk taxi cab (book)shop (book)store rubbish garbage subway underpass cottage cabin sweets candy, and so on. According to Svartvik and Sager (2005:2) English pronunciation varies a great deal, whereas English grammar is very consistent and homogenous. The lexical items of the language is fairly similar as well although people from the two geographic areas use diverse vocabulary and slang. David Crystal (2005:308) shows how the lexical items from the two regions, American and British, can be classified into different categories.The first category shows that there are examples of two words that have a single meaning, e. g. sweets which is called candy in America. The second category shows the same word is used in both countries but with different meanings, for instance the word caravan which is used in both American English and British English but with different meanings, that is to say that the word caravan means â€Å"a vehicle towed by a car† in Britain whereas a caravan is â€Å"a group of people that travel through a desert† in American English. According to Professor H.Marckwardt of Princeton University â€Å"When foreign teachers are worried about which English they should t each – British or American – it seems to me that we’ve now arrived at the point where we can say without hesitation: Teach the form that you know and that you have the resources to teach. † So, as teacher we have to be able to identify the American English and British English, understand the differences, then we mind which English that we use. Methods/ Data Collection The method that is used in field project 2 was quantitative method because this project was dealing with numbers.To collect the data, we used questionnaire. We used the answer of the questionnaire as the parameter to identify the result of this small research. The students that were chosen in this project were 20 PBI students from year 2010 of Sanata Dharma University. Though the number of the students was too small for the result to be considered as statistically secure, but at least, the result could give a clue to the reality of the situation. The students are randomly chosen, without cons idering gender, age, social status and other aspects that can influence the choice in language using.The next step of this project was questionnaire distribution among the respondents. The questionnaire consisted of four parts where the first part was vocabulary identification. In this part, fifteen questions and pictures that showed different things were provided. Besides each picture, the respondents could find two synonymous words, one American and one British. Then, the correspondents had to circle one out of two words that they found the most familiar. For example, a picture of a building was provided in the questionnaire. Besides that picture, two synonymous words were written.The correspondents then must circle one word that they recognize most, either flat (BrE) or apartment (AmE). By seeing the result, we can count how many American English vocabulary items or British English vocabulary items circled, so we can know the tendency of students using the vocabulary. [pic] The s econd section is reading section. This section consisted of two reading passages using British and American vocabulary items. In the first passage, we provide British English vocabulary items and in the second passage, we provide American English vocabulary items.The correspondents then must identify which text consisted of British English Vocabulary items and which text consisted of American English vocabulary items. [pic] The third section is pronunciation. Pronunciation section is to see the tendency of PBI students in using American English pronunciation or British English pronunciation. In this part, the respondents are offered 10 words which have different pronunciation in American English and British English. [pic] [pic]From that questionnaire, therespondent have to pronounce the10 words, and the observer will circle the phonetic transcription based on the respondents’ pronunciation on the assessment paper – whether they pronounce the words using American Englis h pronunciation or British English pronunciation. By seeing the result, we can count how many American English pronunciation or British English pronunciation circled, so we can know the tendency of students pronounce the words. The fourth part of the questionnaire was listening section. In this part, three recordings from BBC and TOEFL listening materials were provided.The duration of each recording was approximately 1 minute and 30 seconds. The correspondents are asked to listen to the three recordings and identify whether the speakers in each conversations are using British accent or American accent. After collecting the data from the respondents, the researchers then analyzed the data. The respondents’ answer are classified according to the quantity of British and American English using. The questionnaire result that showed more circle in AmE English vocabulary items were separated from those that showed more circle in BrE vocabulary items.The result that shows the student s who were tend to pronounce the word in AmE way also separated from the result which showed those who were tend to pronounce words in BrE. Besides, the result of the students who could have identified the recordings and the reading passages correctly were also separated from the result of those who couldn’t have identified correctly. From this classification, the students’ tendency in using either British English or American English and the students’ ability in identifying the passages of British English and American English can be seen clearly.Results A. VOCABULARY SECTION The result of the vocabulary part is that students who chose the answers with more American English vocabulary items are 6, and students who chose the answers with more British English vocabulary are 14. The result is explained in following table: |Result |Number of students | |American English Tendency |6 | |British English Tendency |14 |From this result, we can say that there are 6 studen ts have tendency to use American English and there are 14 students have tendency to use British English, so PBI students have tendency using British English vocabulary items than American English vocabulary items. B. PRONUNCIATION SECTION In the pronunciation part, the result is that there are 8 students pronounced the words using more American English pronunciation, 8 students pronounced the words using 5 American English pronunciations and 5 British English pronunciations, and there are 4 students pronounced using more British English. The result is explained in following table: Result |Number of students | |American English tendency |8 | |Equal |8 | |British English tendency |4 | From this result, we can say that there are 8 students have tendency to use American English and there are 4 students have tendency to use British English. So we can conclude thet PBI students have tendency using American English pronunciation than British English pronunciation.C. READING PASSAGES The r esult of reading part is that there are 14 students could identify the reading passages with correct all, and there are 6 students couldn’t identify the reading passages. The result is explained in following table: |Result |Number of students | |Correct all |14 | |Correct one |0 | |Incorrect all |6 |From the result, we can say that most of PBI students can identify the American English reading passages and British English reading passages. D. LISTENING PASSAGES The result of listening part is that there are 11 students could identify the three listening passages perfectly, there are 2 students could identify two listening passages correctly, and there are 4 students could identify only one listening passages correctly, and no one could’n identify the listening passages incorrect all. The result is: Result |Number of students | |Correct all |11 | |Correct two |5 | |Correct one |4 | |Incorrect all |0 | From the result, we can say that most of PBI students can identify th e American English listening passages and British English listening passages. Discussion Based on the results, it can be seen that PBI students tend to use British English vocabulary items instead of those of American English.It is revealed that 14 students answer the vocabulary questionnaire with most Btitish English vocabulary items. Meanwhile, 6 students mostly use American vocabulary items to answer the questionnaire. Regarding their pronunciation, PBI students tend to use American style to pronounce the words in the questionnaire. The results show that 8 students answer it with American English pronounciation and 8 students mix British and American English pronunciation equally. The other 4 students tend to use British English style of pronouncing.Most PBI students can identify the British and American English reading passages, which means that they know the differences between British and American English spelling and vocabulary items contained in the reading passages. From th e results, it is seen that 14 students can answer all the questions in the questionnaire correctly. Meanwhile, 6 students cannot identify British and American English reading passages correctly because all their answers are wrong. Most PBI students are also able to identify the listening passages correctly. 1 students have all correct answers, 5 students have 2 correct answers and 4 students have only 1 correct answer in the questionnaire. It means that 11 students can recognize the differences between British and American English pronunciation well while 9 students cannot recognize British and American English pronunciation well. Therefore, it can be inferred that PBI students are inconsistent in using British and American English. Such conclusion can be drawn because they tend to use British English vocabulary but when it comes to pronunciation, American English style is mostly used.Besides, there are no students who answer the questionnaire consistenely with all British or Americ an English vocabulary and pronunciation; all of them have mixed answers. That inconsistency is even strengthened by the fact that they are actually aware of the differences between British and American English, as shown in their ability to identify British and American English reading and listening passages correctly. Closing Remarks Based on the previous elaboration, it can be concluded that: 1. PBI students more frequently use British English vocabulary. . PBI students tend to use American English pronunciation instead of British English pronunciation. 3. Most PBI students are able to identify reading and listening passage of British English and American English correctly 4. PBI students are not consistent in using British and American English. â€Å"When foreign teachers are worried about which English they should teach – British or American – it seems to me that we’ve now arrived at the point where we can say without hesitation: Teach the form that you know and that you have the resources to teach. -Professor H. Marckwardt of Princeton University to the hesitant and confused teachers- Students of PBI are actually taught and prepared to be the English teachers do not matter they want it or not. Realizing that there are two popular kinds of English (British English and American English), as the teacher who teach English as second language, they have to also master the differences, and be able to identify them. As teachers they will be asked to provide and arrange teaching materials such as reading passage, listening passage and also explanation.This is why teacher must be equipped with the knowledge of British and American English differences so they are able to provide explanation or passage using consistent choice (British or American English). Using British English or American English is not the matter. But using British or American English consistently is the emphasis. For example, teachers can not mix the British and American Engli sh in one reading passage that they make because it will result either confusion or student’s inconsistency in using the language variation.To improve students’ knowledge and ability either to identify the variation or use it consistently, the study program has to provide a specific course which can equip the students. If to create new course is less possible, the lecturers of each course must be able to integrate their course with this important equipment of being English teachers. As the quote above, however, foreign English teachers have to mind which English they use to provide better teaching. References Benedikt, Zdenek. Differences Between American English and British English. retrieved on March 27, 2012) Kemmer, Suzanne. (2009). The History of English. http://www. ruf. rice. edu/~kemmer/Histengl/spelling. html (retrieved on June 10, 2012) Spangberg, Charlotte. (2007). British English or American English Vocabulary. Goteborg University : Department of English. _ ___. (2011). American vs British English: Basic Differences and Influences of Change. http://www. uta. fi/FAST/US1/REF/usgbintr. html (retrieved on June 10, 2012) Appendices 1. Questionnaire [pic] [pic] 2. Assessment Paper

Gone with the Wind

The movie Gone with the Wind (1939) is considered the most beloved, popular and of everlasting relevance. It has won several Oscar awards in 1939. Produced by David O Selznick, and directed by Victor Fleming, the film was released a few months after WWII began in Europe. It enabled the American viewers to identify with the war and its theme of survival. It was based on a novel written by Margaret Mitchell about civil war and reconstruction in America. Producer, David O Selznick had obtained the movie right to Mitchell’s novel in 1936 for $50,000. The renowned film was shot in Technicolor which was used very rarely in those times. The historical classic movie of the Old South during civil war period boasts of an eternal cast in a timeless, classic tale of love-hate romance. The movie covers the various romantic pursuits of the resolute heroine Scarlett OHara, against the background of historical events. Ashley, the man she loves marries her cousin, Melanine. She finds it difficult to find love during the civil war years and is forced to seek shelter for herself and her family in the plantation Tara. She defends it against union soldiers, carpetbaggers and even against starvation. Scarlet marries Rhett Butler but the marriage fails due to her indifference towards him. She again returns to Tara. Cinematography: Cinematography is the art of making camera and lighting choices when recording photographic images for the cinema.Techniocolour was not widely used when the film Gone with the Wind was being filmed. Moreover, it carried several disadvantages. Selznick borrowed all the seven heavy, cumbersome cameras of the Technicolor Corporation for shooting. Each picture had colour consulant who had the power to reject any colour scheme she felt was incompatible with colour cinematography. Moreover, the technical advisers, who were supposed to assist the cinematographers, had only worked with black and white film. Technicolor required double the amount of lighting for illumination of a scene. Selznick had previously worked with technicolour. He knew that it would be very important in giving Gone with the Wind visual richness needed for a classic drama. Actually, Selznick wanted the film’s colour to have the same impact as the characters emotions. He was so determined in it and went to the extent of dismissing the first cinematographer, Lee Garmes, for choosing a colour scheme which Selznick thought was very much subdued. The next cinematographer, Ernest Haller, was more successful in obtaining more glowing effects. Selznick had realized that shadow formed an important part in a scene’s visual impact. He asked his colour consultant to shoot Scarlett and her father on the hill at Tara. With the farm gleaming brightly in the distance, the ensuing farming effect strongly emphasizes Gerald’s feeling about the significance of the land. Selznick employs this silhouetting to the similar effect in the film’s final scene, when Scarlett stands on the same mount as she comes home to Tara. Another use of shadow is to highlight moments that focus on relationship between characters in the film. It is first used in the form of the frightening shadows Melanie and Scarlett cast on the walls of temporary hospital. Later on, delivery of Melanie’s baby is lighted with silver streams of light. The darkness in the scene renders it more personal and gives it a powerful simplicity. (Fleming, 1939). The use of Matte painting was another technique which Selznick adapted from black and white film to Technicolour. When a shot is filmed, the area to be painted in afterwards is covered with black matte paint on a glass screen positioned in front of the camera. Afterwards, a colour scale illustration of the omitted portion is shot to cover the blacked out area. Clarence Silfer, the special effects cinematographer of Gone with the Wind used the technique to complete a number of sets that were only partially finished. All, Outhouses, Tara’s side views, background vegetation, the train station roof, the twelve oak plantation, the decorations in the old armoury, some of the wounded soldiers lying on the ground in long shots, and an entire street of burning houses, were matte paintings Film editing Editing is the art of establishing rhythm in film. People often does not notice or acknowledge the contribution of film editor. Major aspects of the editing of a film are created outside the editing room. The director, script writer, and photographer are also involved in editing. One of the responsibilities of the editor is to ensure that intentions of the scriptwriter have correctly been portrayed in the film. Hal C. Kern, the film editor of Gone with the Wind, won the Oscar award for film editing. One can clearly observe that smooth flow of events which are portrayed in the film. In this film, there is an outstanding use of color for the enhancement of dramatic mood. Production design Production designer is the in charge of the film’s art department which consists of an art director, prop master, costume designer and a ser decorator. He works in close association with director, and director of photography to produce film’s feel and look by choosing the right shapes, colours and compositions for each shot. A production designer’s duties cover far beyond extending support because a movie is eventually a visual medium, its visual material is almost like another character, itself producing a mood and bringing out an emotional response from the spectators. Production design involves lot of planning and the production designer should be able to strike a balance between his own creative vision with the film’s need for authenticity of place and time. Lyle Wheeler, the art director of Gone with the Wind, won an Oscar for his efforts in the movie. Work cited Fleming, Victor. Dir. Gone with the Wind, (1939). Selznick I

School Annual Day

This is a request to the entire guest, please get settle down in few minutes, we are about to start our function. We will start our function with national anthem. Kindly stand out at your places. On behalf of **** school family, I welcome you all with great pleasure, for this Annual Day Celebration. It’s an honour to call our Chief Guest†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ We are the world. We are the children. We are the ones who make a brighter day. I'm sure, all of you present here, must have heard this song performed by michael jackson.Children are the future of every nation across the world. It is today's generation which can go ahead and make the world a better place. Children are our tomorrow – our future. Bright faces that you are going to see here today, while performing on stage, showing their talents and receiving prizes will be the citizens of tomorrow who are going to make a difference in our society. I hope you all are going to appreciate them, as well as to teachers also, who have putted lot of efforts.Thank you XXX Sir, Good afternoon to all of you, as we all know today we are gathered here to celebrate our Annual Day. Nowadays, only academic excellence is not enough to make any child as outstanding performer. They should be good at extar- curricular activities also. From this prospective our teachers have putted lot of efforts with the little brainees for all the performances. Wishing them luck we will start†¦.. School Annual Day This is a request to the entire guest, please get settle down in few minutes, we are about to start our function. We will start our function with national anthem. Kindly stand out at your places. On behalf of **** school family, I welcome you all with great pleasure, for this Annual Day Celebration. It’s an honour to call our Chief Guest†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ We are the world. We are the children. We are the ones who make a brighter day. I'm sure, all of you present here, must have heard this song performed by michael jackson.Children are the future of every nation across the world. It is today's generation which can go ahead and make the world a better place. Children are our tomorrow – our future. Bright faces that you are going to see here today, while performing on stage, showing their talents and receiving prizes will be the citizens of tomorrow who are going to make a difference in our society. I hope you all are going to appreciate them, as well as to teachers also, who have putted lot of efforts.Thank you XXX Sir, Good afternoon to all of you, as we all know today we are gathered here to celebrate our Annual Day. Nowadays, only academic excellence is not enough to make any child as outstanding performer. They should be good at extar- curricular activities also. From this prospective our teachers have putted lot of efforts with the little brainees for all the performances. Wishing them luck we will start†¦..

Business Envirmonet

It’s very common in large business to expand abroad; however there are a lot of factors that have to be considered before planning to start business in another country depending on which policies they have or what their background is as well as their stability or whether your product or business will sell over there. In this assignment I’m going to compare the challenges to business activities in two different environments, my two chosen environments are the UK and the Republic of China.I have chosen China and the UK as my two contrasting countries and my chosen business is KFC which is large global fast food chain, china is the most populated country in the world and is also has the largest economy. The Republic of China is an Asian country which is situated in east of Asia and it comes within the 3rd largest country in the world as well as the second largest economy in the works it also has a population of 1. 35 billion people.The capital city of China is Beijing howe ver the most populated city and a global financial center is Shanghai. My chosen business is KFC (Kentucky fried chicken it’s an American based business which is centered all over the world and it’s now moving to China, I will look into the problems they may face in China . The two economic environments that I am going to be describing are recession and growth on the business activities of KFC. Growth occurs when more goods are being produced and bought.During growth people tend spend more money on goods and services because they have more money to spend on products and services and also businesses will invest more and hire more staff as because there is an increase in demand for them. Recession however occurs when people running the business become more cautious with their spending so they cut their spending and orders as well laying of some of their more disposable employees thus making them redundant.It is said n the news that Chinas GDP growth rate has averaged out at 3. 1% In the most recent years, Chinese business has become more efficient and Chinas is now the 1st largest Asian economy, this means that if KFC wanted to expand in china they would al lot of competitions from other successful business who offer similar products. KFC is a one of the world’s leading fast food chain and their products are food and beverages where as Chinas is one of the world’s top producers of rice and wheat as well a livestock .This mean that if KFC wanted to expand into China and start operating there, it might face challenges where the retailers and costumers refuse to buy food from KFC because they’ve got other Chinese based fast food stores whom are just as good or they’d rather go to another major fast food chain e. g. McDonalds. However Chinas media industry is very big and there TV networks have more that billon subscribers or which is nearly triple the size of the UK, this gives KFC a huge advantage because they can advertis e their company through the media, this gives KFC a major opportunity to advertise as well as sell their beverages online.If KFC do decide to expand their business into operating in China, they will be provided with many opportunities , however there also some issues that their business be challenges with these issues are; Import taxes high import taxes are a barrier to many business, especially business like KFC because they have import some of their products, this cost them allot of money, this is one the reason why it’s not responsible for KFC to expand in China, however they could negotiate with China on exchanging goods for a lower import tax but that’s is a high risk to take.Lack of skills its much cheaper for KFC to hire and local labour, it might not be as effective because the workers may lack appropriate skills such as language skills or education. So KFC has to first consider this before they begin to operate in China, because lack of skills will and can aff ect KFC in a negative way e. g. their profits and sales will decrease or get affected because having good employees is essential for a business it creates less problems and make the business work more efficient .Growth affects the business activities for KFC because just as economy can change for a business so can the demand for products and both could be associated with each other. During growth you can expect to see a high demand for KFC’s good quality products so customers as well as potential customers would buy more during this time because customers are freer and relaxed over money spending compared to when it’s in a period of recession.Mostly you could see KFC looking into recruiting more workers as since product demand can increase a lot during the growth environment they’ll need more workers to spread out the job load for their employees because if they didn’t hire more staff To ease the job load and they just overloaded an employee with workload it could de-motivate them as well as make them fee undervalued. I will be looking into these factors which KFC may face when opening up a branch in China InflationRecession is when economy slows down, and the level of sales and production orders start to decline Inflation is the prices different of goods or service may vary they can either increase or decrease over time in the economy. Most businesses in the UK and China, by looking closely at the inflation rate as it could have a big effect on the business and because if the inflation rate increases there could be less sales as the prices of the goods will be high and the customers will spend less on goods and services as the prices will increase.Looking at the current inflation rate in China the rate has reached to 3. 1%. â€Å"Prices rose 3. 1% during the month, from a year earlier, up from 2. 6% in August, the National Bureau of Statistics said. The bureau said that food prices rose 6. 1% from a year ago due to the impact of n ational holidays, as well as droughts and floods in some regions.†Resulting in many Chinese banks such as â€Å"the bank of China† to raise their interest rates this will have an effect on as inflation rate goes high this will result on the customers spending less on fast food stores such as KFC and this would mean that the business will not be making enough money or breaking even on their monthly bases to afford many employees and also pay the bills and taxes so they need to lay down staff or close up their business and open up in either a different countries.In conclusion to this assignment I, in my point of few I don’t this its reasonable for KFC to expand I idea because there are al lot of challenges they may face and it’s not worth the risk.

Economics Assigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics Assigment - Essay Example Indeed, it should also be pointed out that Chinese did not focus, especially, on differentiation, innovation and process development that are essentials of technological superiority. In addition, China’s biggest mistake was its failure to understand why technology is foremost for economy and how it contributes to economic growth and sustainable development. Part 2 Acemoglu and Robinson (2008) have thrown light over the importance of institutions and the impact of economic institutions on the prosperity of a nation. Nevertheless, the authors argue that the economic institutions become stronger when harmony exists among political forces and institutions. In other words, political certainty averts the possibility of law and order crises, thereby creating a peaceful business environment for economic actors. Hence, the stronger the economic institutions, the better the policies devised for economic growth. Indeed, the policy-makers pay greater attention to provide trade incentives, to bring Foreign Direct Incentives, to initiate human resource development programmes and to promote technological development for enhancing organisational productivity and ensuring economies of scale (mass production). For instance, the authors’ main argument is that the economic institutions are the actual difference between 2 nations because a nation with strong institutions becomes developed, whereas a nation with weak institutions remains poor and technologically backward. Part 3 As far as the differences between articles written by Landes (2006) and Acemoglu and Robinson (2008) are concerned, it should be pointed out that Landes (2006) is more concerned with the underlying reasons that contributed to China’s technological failure in comparison to developed Western nations, which have become technologically superior due to their proactive and innovation centred approaches. China ruled out the possibility of implementing capitalism; therefore failed to reinforce c ompetition among entities. Next, China also disregarded to adopt some pertinent western values thus remained technologically backward in past, whereas West flourished at a phenomenal rate. Acemoglu and Robinson (2008) are more concerned with institutionalism as they argue that economic institutions and policy – makers play their vital role in economic well-being of a country because they take into consideration economy as a whole and formulate strategies that benefit economic actors in a society in general. Economics Assignment 2 Part 1 The article â€Å"Why Europe and the West? Why Not China?† has been composed by David Landes in which he has presented his arguments regarding the technological advancement of West and Europe and the reasons behind China’s failure in competing with Western economies. Landes (2006) highlighted that the western nations have always focused on developing their educational institutions so that they could establish a strong base for Re search & Development activities. Nevertheless, the Western and European countries were aware of importance of technology and the benefits they could obtain in terms of economic efficiency and sustainability. On the other hand, China lacked these valued as well as failed to thrive by acknowledging western achievements, capitalist values and technological knowledge base. Another major argument raised by Landes

Sustainable Supply Chains Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainable Supply Chains - Research Paper Example A more comprehensive definition of sustainability encompasses all three foundations of sustainability, including the people, economy and the environment. If only the social and environmental development is taking place that is referred to as â€Å"bearable† (Chick and Micklethwaite). If only the social and economic development is taking place, that is referred to as â€Å"equitable†, whereas, if only the environmental and economic development takes places, that is referred to as â€Å"viable† (Chick and Micklethwaite). Sustainability occurs only when all three dimensions develop simultaneously; that is, it is bearable, equitable and viable. A significant driver of this initiative is the government. The government can come up with measures such as environmental labels, licenses and product design guidelines (New Zealand Council for Sustainable Development). There are already a number of regulations in place for sustainability. These include U.S. Farm security and rural investment act (2002), European Union’s Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), China ROHS, E.U. Cosmetics directive, E.U. Packaging Directive, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and REACH. In addition there are International Standards such as WRAP, FLA, ICTI CARE, ISO 14000 and ISO 26000 for addressing environmental causes (Business for Social Responsibility). For successfully realizing a sustainable supply chain, an organization needs to go through five major steps. The first if Business Case Development which requires looking at the external environment and study case studies of companies which have done so successfully in the past. An analysis should be done of the differences before and after this implementation (United Nations Global Impact). These initiatives have to be driven by the top management. After this study a commitment has to be made by the board members to work on the same. The second is â€Å"Risk, Gap and Scope assessment† wh ich appreciates the fact that the sustainable supply chain initiative has a number of risks which could have a short term impact on finances or new operational bottlenecks. These risks have to be listed and mitigation plans have to be developed. A gap analysis between the current state and future state is required so that efforts could be made to bridge the gap. It is also essential to decide the scope of the initiative at this stage in line with organizational strategies and priorities (United Nations Global Impact). The third step is Supply chain identification which requires an internal assessment of the firm’s supply chain. The position that the company’s supply chain holds relative to other supply chains needs to be assessed (New Zealand Council for Sustainable Development). The next step is Implementation. In this step, the expectations of the organization are communicated to suppliers, distributors and all other partners in the upstream and downstream supply cha ins. Internal operations are realigned to adjust to the new priorities. The organizations try to build strategic partnerships if required to realize its goals. These may include partnerships with third party logistic providers, IT outsourcing firms, consultants and so on (Nunes, Junior and Ramos). Next, Measurement is done whereby new metrics have to be introduced to track performance on