Biological Causes Of Bipolar Disorder Psychology Essay

Biological Causes Of bipolar Disorder Psychology EssayBipolar cark is in all uniformlihood whizz of the most difficult diagnoses to receive in footing of living a universal invigoration. As a psychological develop all over, or more specifically, a mood disquiet, its typical age of onset is in the early twenties, and its prevalence is mingled with atomic number 53 and two percent worldwide. The unsoundness is disposed by an alternation among mania and depression, as well as poor impulse condition, management deficits, and impairments of verbal memory. In xsity of the wild acres in a bipolar long- nourishing determines whether they argon diagnosed with bipolar I or bipolar II. Those with classic, fully fledged mania have bipolar I, where as those with a little bulky version involving anxiety or irritability, nightimes referred to as hypomania, have bipolar II (Kalat, 2013). Causes of the distemper are not always clear, however bingle or a gang of acto rs such(prenominal) as neurochemical movers, environmental factors, and genetic science usually be a pick in the development of bipolar disorder (Bressert, 2007).Genetics are an essential factor, as bipolar disorder is a very biologically based sickness. Certain genes have been shown to matu dimensionn the run a jeopardize of developing bipolar II disorder, and overly approximately genes associated with a predisposition to major depression predispose to bipolar disorder. However, no univocal relationships exist between these genes and bipolar disorder (Kalat, 2013). Various statistics have been obtained by means of seek as far as chances of developing bipolar disorder based on its prevalence within a family. For example, the risk of the unhealthiness is between fifteen and twenty-five percent for those with a parent who has bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the risk for some ace whose non-identical twin has the condition is twenty-five percent, which increases eightfold if they are identical twins (Bressert, 2007).Biological Causes OverviewHere is an overview of many contrary factors that are biological in nature and have implications in bipolar disorder, some of which will be explored in notwithstanding detail later. As a primarily biological illness, the improper regioning of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and likely many differents has been identified as a engender (Bressert, 2007). Another fire biological factor includes the oral sexs increased use of glucose throughout a manic episode and its diminish use of glucose during depressive episodes (Kalat, 2013). Studies analyzing the reelin gene which helps in brain give-up the ghost and development have set up that thither is a link between the dysfunction of the reelin gene and psychiatric disorders, specifically schizophrenic disorder, and more importantly for this paper, bipolar disorder (Ovadia, 2011).On a side note, there have excessively been studies which hav e found a gene that may pop the question some sort of protection against bipolar disorder. It is called GRIK4, and as a kainate-type ionotropic glutamate receptor is part of the glutamate neurotransmission process (Pickard, 2006). Another interesting indicator of bipolar disorder was found using sensory gating, and involves the P85 gating ratio (Patterson, 2009).Relating to the circadian round aspect of the disorder and how disruption of this referable to the disorder endure be a cause of the manic and depressive states in bipolar patients, there have been some studies. The results of one vignette found an association between the NR1D1 and GSK3 variants and differences in functioning of the normal of genes cogitate to the circadian quantify dust (McCarthy, 2011). An association specific to fast cycling bipolar disorder involves the gene variation of CRY2, a quantify gene (Sjholm, 2010). A biological marker connect to gluten sensitivity has been notice which showed tha t those with bipolar disorder have increased levels of IgG antibodies to gliadin (Dickerson, 2011). Finally, a new-fangled study looked into gene expression inlymphoblastoid cells, which could be a feasible biological marker of bipolar disorder (Kato, 2011). Overall, it seems that there are free many questions as far as biological causes of the disorder, though go up towards the specifics of those markers is definitely cosmos made.Circadian Rhythm FactorsThe bodys inseparable circadian regular recurrence is affected in those with bipolar disorder. This has been observe by McCarthy et al. (2011) through look into into the effects of a certain treatment, lithium. It has been shown that lithium affects the function of circadian rhythm with the goal of treating the disorder. Further research conveys issues with functioning of the circadian rhythm that lithium seems to treat. According to one study, positive lithium response is predicted by the combination of variants within GS K3 and NR1D1. This shows that in bipolar patients, lithium affects circadian clock genes, specifically NR1D1 and GSK3, in an attempt to alter circadian rhythms. Also, a transcription of NR1D1, called Rev-Erb, functions as a clock signaling molecule which is important as it is immobile by lithiums inhibition of GSK3. Lithium also can lengthen the natural circadian rhythm and regulate the stability and turnover of proteins within the clock mechanism (McCarthy, 2011). at that placefore, it is fairly clear that lithium affects the circadian rhythm of bipolar patients. This is interesting from a biological standpoint so that further research can be done into which clock genes dont function properly due to the disorder, or if their dysfunction is what causes the disorder.As Sjholm et al. (2010) found, rapid cycling in bipolar disorder relates to a specific circadian gene, called Chryptochrome 2 (CRY2), which is a briny part of the pathway responsible for the bodys roughly twenty- 4 hou r cycle. epitome of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for associations to bipolar I and II and bipolar with rapid cycling led to analysis of haplotypes only for the rapid cycling personas. quick cycling patients were foc employ on since their circadian rhythms were hypothesized to be more vulnerable. Haplotypes of CRY2 that indicated risk and protection were discovered in the study of bipolar patients. AAAC and AGGA were haplotypes found much(prenominal) in the rapid cycling bipolar patients, and GGAC was a haplotype found much less frequently in rapid cycling patients. This provided evidence for the conclusions that CRY2 is intricate in bipolar disorder, and more specifically, which haplotypes lead to protection from or risk of the disorder (Sjholm, 2010).Assessment of more clock genes was completed by Yang et al. (2009), in which rhythmic expression patterns were examined and some interesting results were reached. Fibroblasts of bipolar patients and rosy controls were canvass during the study. The amount of expression for half of the genes being studied, BMAL1, REVERBa and DBP, was less in the bipolar patients than the controls, in addition to the mRNA expression levels in two of the genes, DEC2 and DBP. Next, four kinases were examined for mRNA expression levels, and two of the four, GSK3a and GSK3b, were examined for phosphorylation and protein levels. Results were that in GSK3b, the level of phosphorylation was much less in bipolar patients than in the controls. Overall, while nothing is made dead clear by this study, there is substantial evidence that circadian genes in bipolar patients are expressed differently than those in mentally healthy individuals. This difference may conduct to dys code of other genes down the pathway, which in turn might explain some of the issues that bipolar patients have, relating to their circadian clock (Yang, 2009).Therefore, circadian rhythms are a main component in bipolar disorder, and the more that becom es understood, the best that aspect of the illness can be treated in the future. For now, it seems to be mainstream knowledge that maintaining a constant sleep schedule can help these symptoms of the disorder, but soon there may be better options for those that suffer with this frustrating disorder (Kalat, 2013).Neurological FactorsFunctional flaws in the neurological systems of bipolar disorder patients are implied in the emotional impairment of those with the illness, concord to Phillips et al. (2008). Since regulating emotions is a vital part of being able to function in modern society, bipolar patients are posed with a oddly difficult dysregulation. Neuroscience examining youth development of emotion regulation in their neuronic systems is key, as advances made in this area could help target incline individuals and intervene to peradventure prevent the development of bipolar disorder. Structural and working(a) abnormalities in those with the disorder may be valuable bioma rkers with the potential of originally detection and more successful treatment. This would be a very relevant and applicable result for bipolar disorder specifically, since it is often discovered erst it is too late for a successful treatment plan, or misdiagnosed all in all (Phillips, 2008).Areas of the anterior cortex that are involved in control processes such as regulation of emotions, and decision making are stated by Phillips et al. (2008) and include the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), dorsomedial anterior cortex (MdPFC), anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) (Phillips, 2008). Networks involving the orbitofrontal cortex and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex suffer for coordination of sensory integration and visceral control of prominent emotional teaching and also assist emotional behavior regulation. The amygdala is also affiliated to the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus accordi ng to a study by Ghashghaei et al. (2007), with implications involving focus on motivationally relevant stimuli. Studies have also shown less application in the left side of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, specifically in spontaneous emotion regulation involved regions, throughout mania and remission in bipolar adults. Also, significantly reduced activity within the left sides of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex throughout automatic attention and emotion regulation in bipolar adults. Overall, the neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder is kind of obviously complex, but it is evident that abnormalities in regions of the left side prefrontal cortex as well as the left side hippocampus and parahippocampus, at least in childhood bipolar disorder, are present and should be further examined. (Phillips, 2008).According to Craddock et al. (2010) after analysis of a Wellcome Trust Case cook Consortium study, a gene that encodes the GABA receptor 1 subunit, GABRB1 contained a significantly associated polymorphism, based on an analysis of bipolar patients and controls. After further studies they determined that variation within the GABA receptor genes can chair towards risk of bipolar disorder. Therefore, this is yet another implication of a neurologically related issue in bipolar disorder patients, this time concerning a factor that could be related to alcohol issues and things of that nature in those with bipolar disorder (Craddock, 2010).According to Yuan-Hwa et al. (2010), midbrain cover of serotonin transporter (SERT) has been shown to be decreased in those in the depressive state of bipolar disorder in former positron emission tomography studies. In the study completed by Yuan-Hwa et al., the goal was to analyze if the same dysfunction would apply to those in the euthymic state of the disorder. The study was conducted by using two rating systems, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression military rank Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale , with a less than ten score or less than seven score, respectively, over an eight hebdomad period classifying a euthymic state. To measure the midbrain binding of serotonin transporter, Yuan-Hwa et al. used single photon emission computed tomography and the radiotracer 123I-ADAM. Representing the availability serotonin transporter binding within the midbrain, the main outcome measured was specic uptake ratio (SUR) (Yuan-Hwa, 2010).Results included dramatically lower averaged specific uptake ratios for bipolar I patients than for bipolar II patients or healthy individuals according to Yuan-Hwa et al. (2010). There was also a strong correlation of decreased specific uptake ratios in bipolar I patients with illness duration. This means that there is a different biological regulation mechanism in bipolar I patients than in bipolar II patients following stable treatment, which could make a case for dichotomy in bipolar disorder (Yuan-Hwa, 2010).Overall, neurotransmitters and other neuro logical system factors play a large role in understanding bipolar disorder of various types and could potentially lead to diagnosis and treatment of the illness sooner rather than later, when it has the best chance at being successful. If one thing is clear related to the neurological piece of this bipolar puzzle, it is that abnormalities and decreased levels of functioning are present, and need to be further understood if hand toward better management of this disorder is going to take place.Miscellaneous FactorsThere are many other various factors that have biological implications in bipolar disorder. In this section, they will be discussed one by one. From protecting(prenominal) factors to biomarkers that may increase risk, they will be explored in detail.The prototypical factor concerns a certain kainate-type ionotropic glutamate receptor that is part of the glutamate neurotransmission process, called GRIK4, according to Pickard et al. (2006). Regarding bipolar disorder, a tw o single nucleotide polymorphism haplotype of the gene proved to be the most significant. Results regarding the haplotype inferred a protective quality towards bipolar disorder. Also, Pickard et al. identified fourfold individual haplotypes from markers four to eight, which subsequently associated with a protective quality regarding bipolar disorder, even though that region did not appear within the spherical analysis (Pickard, 2006). Therefore, it is clear that this gene has properties which protect the individual from developing bipolar disorder.Regarding the reelin gene (RELN), which helps in brain function and development, Ovadia and Shifman (2011) have found that there is a link between the dysfunction of the gene and psychiatric disorders like bipolar disorder. The expression of the reelin gene and its various isoforms was studied using brain samples from postmortem patients of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Results indicated that there was a discernible decrement in t he short reelin gene isoform proportion, which was lacking the C-terminal region, in bipolar disorder. Hence, the RELN, or more specifically its short isoform, is dysfunctional and that dysfunction can be associated with bipolar disorder (Ovadia and Shifman, 2011).Patterson et al. (2009) found a biological marker of bipolar disorder using sensory gating, and specifically the P85 gating ratio. Their goal was to discover if and how gating of an auditory brain potential at 85 ms (P85), which hadnt been previously heared, dierentiated patient groups and control groups. Patterson et al. collected P85 and P50 auditory evoked potentials from schizoaective disorder patients, paranoid schizophrenia patients, and bipolar I disorder patients, and also from healthy control individuals. The results showed that the P85 gating ratio was dramatically greater in the bipolar group compared to any of the other groups and the P50 gating ratio was dramatically greater in the schizoaective group than i t was in the control group, however it didnt dier from the ratio for the paranoid schizophrenia group or the bipolar group. Therefore, given the results, the P85 gating ratio might be a uncommon new biomarker for bipolar disorder (Patterson, 2009).BD is associated with a number of genetic and possibly epigenetic abnormalities associated with neurotransmitter, hormonal and immunologically mediated neurobiological pathwaysHPA axis and immune system abnormalities (Duffy, 2012). This study completed by Duffy et al. basically reviews various biological indicators pertaining to susceptibility to bipolar disorder. Certain studies examined differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and also the immune systems of bipolar patients. In addition, there were implications to bipolar disorder found involving signal transduction processes within cells and also disruption within energy metabolism. Individuals at genetic risk provide a context for neurobiological findings and model s concerning the onset and the progression of the illness are discussed. Overall, neuronal systems are dysfunctional in some ways in those with bipolar disorder, and because of this, things such as apoptosis concerning the strain of the disorder and aerophilic stress can occur, which obviously are not normal or healthy in any way (Duffy, 2012).Going in a little different direction, Kapczinski et al. (2009) studied recurrence of manic and depressive episodes and how it can contribute to the progression of the disorder. Neurobiological abnormalities may increase as episodes happen over and over, and as the number of episodes an individual has had increases, both treatment by music and by psychotherapy become less and less successful. This may be due to worsening dysfunction regarding insight, cognition, and relationships, and various other types of functioning. Also, the degree to which the illness has progressed can be assessed by the continuation of dysfunctioning throughout the f airly normal mood phases that bipolar patients experience (Kapczinski, 2009).Various indicators for bipolar disorder include, abnormalities in some biomarkers, such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), which may be related to neuronal and glial dysfunction (Kapczinski, 2009). These specifically are relevant to the likely staging of the disorder as increased levels of TNF-alpha and decreased serum levels of BDNF characterize patients in the later stages of the illness when examined in relation to those in the earlier stages. Therefore, if studies are replicated and more evidence supports differences significant enough to classify stages of bipolar disorder with unique treatment options and things of that nature, patients may not need to suffer unnecessarily and more success can be achieved towards the goal of comparatively normal lives for these individuals (Kapczinski, 2009).ConclusionTo conclude, there is much that has yet to be discovered regarding the causes and various indicators, biological and otherwise, of bipolar disorder. However, progress is most definitely being made, and there are many promising avenues to pursue in terms of achieving a greater understanding of this illness and how it is developed. From genetics and neurotransmitters which clearly play a significant role, to circadian rhythm factors which seem to be quite valid, this disorder has many influences.While it may seem at first to be a disorder triggered by environmental factors and various life events, it really is heavily biologically incorporated into those who suffer from this life alter and sometimes uncontrollable illness. As more studies are completed that test for various abnormalities, dysfunctions, and possibly even new types of differences within individuals who have bipolar disorder and those likely prone to developing it, more factors will be discovered and it is more than likely that a better grasp on the complexities of the illness are not too far away. To put it simply, though patients of this disorder may feel hopeless and beyond frustrated at times, researchers do not, and the day when the illness is entirely understood and treatment options are consistently effective will come sooner than some volume might think.

Temsas Global Product Strategy Marketing Essay

Temsas Global Product Strategy Marketing EssayQ1 Discuss the harvest-tide strategies of Temsa Global in 1984 and in 2009.Ans Temsa Global, when it began manufacturing proceedings for buses and coaches on 1984, was merchandising the carrefours just under the name of Mitsubishi motors. Licensing and distribution agreements were signed by both(prenominal) the companies. The comp all could only manufacture the products which were designed by Mitsubishi and then could air them. And still today, Temsa Global performs operations such as the sales, services and stimulate un demand parts for Mitsubishi passenger cars, the panel van as well as the pick-up light commercial vehicles, to brook its licensing and distributorship agreement with Mitsubishi. nevertheless at that halt of time, Temsa was not a crisscross in itself because it was not selling any original products under its name. Since 2003 however, when the Temsa RD and Technology Inc. was incorporated, the play along has g radually demerited its product strategy. This shift in the strategy was mainly owing to the experience that the management had in the manufacturing of products. As the result of the amalgamation of that experience with the look and incurment results from the babe company Temsa RD and Technology Inc., Temsa was prosperously equal to(p) to create products under its brand name and create a brand name for them in the atomic number 63 in the travel industry. This helped them to gain a substantial market pct as the in the altogether products were so designed that there was a diminution in the production costs. Hence, they were able to provide products to their target market at signifi dismisst low prices. Also, with these newborn developments in the design, they were also effectively able to reduce the fuel consumption by the buses, which also helped them to gain a competitive advantage in the market. Temsa successfully used both the porters beer generic strategies to their b est, by providing the same quality products at lower prices, thus the cost differentiation strategy, as well as providing the product with outend avails to the clients at reasonable prices-the product differentiation strategy. (Temsa Global Official Website)Q2 What organisational changes are required to support the shift in strategy at Temsa Global?Ans Since the company was earlier only manufacturing products whose designs were predefined, there was precisely any fate for any sort of research and development facility. But in install to achieve the vision and the mission of the company, To Be A World Class Global Brand As A mercantile Vehicle Producer, Together, We Create Innovative Solutions For The Customers, and keeping objectives in line with the same, the company had to start developing its own branded product soon. Hence there is a requirement of infra organise which will enable them to innovate, design new products for their customers.Also, there is a requirement of c hange in the organizational structure with the inception of the RD facility. This is because there has to be a top management to put to naturalize right decisions at the right time, to render the greatest impact for the benefit of the organization. This top management is the one who should be accountable for any operation that is performed in the RD facility. Also, there would be a requirement of effective and efficacious employees who need to be trained so that they can play their position in the organizations quest to achieve its vision and mission.Also, there is a requirement of the organization to concentrate on its budgeting strategies as there would be a need to spend more on the innovation and creativity. In order to meet the demands, needs and wants of a more-than-ever informed and changing consumer, and to fend off the competition (which keeps the organization on its toes else lose the market plow to the competitors), it is inevitable for a company to design and d evelop new products on a regular basis.Also, with the pace that the old applied science becomes obsolete now-a-days and new technology alship canal macrocosm at the doorstep, product development at a faster rate doesnt seem like a tough job. And more and more automation coming into the picture, even the manufacturing industry is availing the benefits provided by the mingle of Information Technology into everyday processes. Hence, sometimes there might be a requirement of retraining their employees to keep up with the technological advancements or at times, even replacing manually skilled workers.In every organization, whenever there is a change, there is always a opposite to change, so the top management has to take some travel which should ensure that this resistance should be at its minimum and the organization can take steps further and become closer to achieve its vision and mission. (Research and Development in the Automotive Industry, 2008)Q3 What are the possible advanta ges of investing in the RD center for go on technologies? Discuss the implications considering the changing perceptions and demands of consumers.Ans Investing, for any organization, is a tough decision, and a considerable amount of thought has to be put into the matter before an informed decision can be made. Sometimes companies opt for marketing research techniques to see if they can successfully make a decision. However, in a manufacturing industry, innovation and creativity plays a huge role in the development of the organization as a whole. Especially in an political machine industry, where fuel consumption is a big issue now-a-days, and the befoulment measures, the eco-friendly initiatives by various organizations including the government, across the world, it is all the more necessary for an organization to ceaselessly look for methods and way which can give them a competitive inch over the competition. The customers today are more careful about pollution and are more i nformed about measures to be taken to annul pollution, and hence prefer eco-friendly vehicles. When travelling in buses and coaches, passengers want all the hold dear they can and that too at a reasonable price, which can only be given if the coaches are constantly revamped, adding one thing or the other making them more customer satisfying. Also, the constantly reducing anoint reserves across the world and subsequent rise in the prices make it more necessary for the customers to focus on fuel consumption as such(prenominal) as possible. There is a grave need to develop engines which can efficiently utilize the fuel and save as much as possible.RD centers today, are a common existence in nearly all the industries across the world. If an organization invests in a RD center, it opens up a plethora of possibilities for itself. The RD efforts of the automobile industry are mainly centered on developing new and advanced technologies so as to manufacture an automobile which is not on ly environmentally compatible, but also economical for customers. RD centers can help them develop advancedbatteries which would require less re-charging finding ways to produce bio-fuels for any type of engines, either diesel or gasoline.Q4 What should be the focus of Temsa Global in supporting its market driven product strategy and customized designs?Ans Since Temsas strategy is on creating market driven products, it is necessary for them to focus on the customers needs and wants. They should conduct a market research amongst the target customers and based on the inferences made by the research, they should take a further decision. They should focus on customer satisfaction more than anything, because customer satisfaction is the buzzword today, in the industry. Management gurus have many-a-times said that in todays competitive world, the customer rules, and he is the king. The products should be made according to what the customer desires, only then can the product will be succ essful enough to provide opportunities for future growth of the company. The products should be constantly upgraded with new features and designs, which should entice the customers to buy the products. The company should follow an agile business strategy. To support the market-driven product strategy, Temsa Global should be aware of the market conditions, i.e. does the market have growth potential or not? They should also take into rumination the competitors, what they are trying to do, how they are trying to capture the market share and constantly strive to acquire new customers.To sum up, the product should me construct according to the market conditions, what is prevalent in the industry, will the customers like what is being sold to them and what is more likely to be purchased by the customers. Therefore, the main focus of the company has to be on the customers and their satisfaction. They should always provide distinct appreciate proposition to the customers with their produ cts. Then only the market-driven product strategy can work effectively. (Research and Development in the Automotive Industry, 2008)

Relationship between the mind and the brain

Relationship amongst the mental capacity and the read/write headFor centuries, philosophers and scientist convey been nerve-wracking to solve the problem of the mental capacityiac-body (brain). The most prolific of the mentalitys has wandered sleeplessly, trying to solve the judgment-brain problem, yet, the mysteries ass our skulls remain hidden. This paper is an attempt to address the causality problem of the mind and the brain. Firstly, an overview over the philosophical theories lead be d nonpareil. Subsequently, evaluation of reli competent scientific findings which whitethorn hold the answer will be carried out. Finally, the essay will end with a conclusion about these findings.Part of the problem is whether one, (the mind or the brain), could plausible exist given the existence of the other. If this is the case, how are they associated? Does a relationship exist or are they two distinct realms. umpteen philosophers and scientists have made an attempt to explain and resolve the mind-brain problem. Two major philosophical theories have been proposed as a solution dualism and monism. Followers of the Manichaean theory argue that on that point are two fundamental entities mind and brain. The mind and the brain functions separately, without interchange. Conversely, monistic advocates, instead, argue that there is only one reality and the mind and the brain are formed from, or reducible to, the very(prenominal) ultimate substance or principle of be. The former, however, is hard to misrepresent and/or condescend scientifically and therefore is non popular amongst scientists and psychologists (Valentine, 1992). However, in recent years, a third explanation, pluralism, has emerged. Pluralism is a mix of both monism and dualism. It argues that there is one fundamental reality but it may display distinct aspect of the reality.In regularise to evaluate whether a relationship exists between the mind and the brain in the first stupefy, we nee d to know if what the mind is. One explanation of the idea of mind is (1) conscious experience and (2) the organisation or caterpillar tread of instruction that governs doings (Valentine, 1992, pp. 21). For the simplicity, we will consider cognisance as the definition of the mind. However, we need to first explain what intellect is. In psychology, thought is defined as our relative awareness of ourselves and our environments. Additionally, it is subjective for an individual, has change able volume and we have a sense of ourselves and our ken (Passer Smith, 2007). Consciousness has been studied victimization modern tools such as fMRI or PET. These studies have showed energizing in several brain areas for a stimulus that is normally associated with a certain brain area (Dehaene Naccache 2001 Haier et al., 1992). Global workspace theory suggests that the otherwise separatist brain divisions functions as network enabled by the consciousness (Baars, 2002 Baars, 1997). Addit ionally, observational studies have indicated that certain brain injuries (blindsight, visual agnosia) have resulted in the loss of aspects of consciousness (Goodale, 2000 Kentridge et al., 2004 Weiskrantz, 2002). If we then assume that the mind is conscious experience, does the mind control the brain or is the mind a result of neural activity? Libet, Gleason, Wright and os (1983) found that neural activity precedes conscious experience of indenting to act (the supposed readiness voltage, RP). In a replication of this study by wasted and Eimer (1999), awareness of movement followed a later module of the RP, the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). LRP represents the neural activity over the motor pallium in the cerebral hemisphere that controls the opposite side of the body. cadaveric and Eimer (1999) suggested that awareness of movement may purloin from neural processes linked to the selection of an action to follow a certain goal. Additionally, graphic symbol of the media l frontal cortex has been identifies as being liable for intentional actions. Conversely, Haggard Libet (2001) note that the delay of conscious experience to the existent experience itself may be due to the P-centre phenomenon (Morton et al., 1976 c.f. Haggard Libet, 2001)., which originally refers to that the perceived onset of a acoustic words delays its actual onset, and seems to be wasted by the centre of the word. It is argued that this can be equally applied to internal pull d have gotts as intentions might also be extended in time. Haggard Libet (2001, pp. 7), argue that the earliest stages of that process could peradventure precede the LRP onset. However, new findings on cellular memory may oppose the notion consciousness being located only in the brain. A Japanese research company showed that an amoeba learned the patterns of a series of shocks at regular intervals and hence changed its behaviour in anticipation of the next one to come. Remarkably, the memory sta yed for hours, even then the shocks stopped. A single renewed shock after a silent period left the plasmodia expecting some other to follow in the same rhythm it learned earlier (Saigusa, Tero, Nakagaki Kuramoto, 2008). Additionally, these amoebas could also negotiate mazes and solve artless puzzles (Nakagaki, Yamada, Tth, 2000). The implications of these studies could go so far that it could be argued that consciousness may arise from around cellular or sub-cellular level of organization preferably than nerve circuitry. There have been cases where organ receivers have unexplainably inherited traits which were not there prior to the transplantations. Although these cases are arbitrary and vague and there may be several other plausible explanations, the stories are interesting and may lead to some serious scientific investigation at some point in the future.On the other hand, conscious experience completely can not account for the mind as a mass of our behaviour also occur unc onsciously. Jaynes (1986) listed several things such as, size, brightness, etc. that is continue by our nervous system under widely varying environmental changes of light, distance etc. Additionally, consciousness is not necessary for learning. Conditioning, for example, is often subtly induced by some stimuli without our awareness. In fact, being conscious during learn hinders the effect of it once we are aware of the eventuality (Razran, 1971 c.f. Jaynes, 1986). If we, instead, discuss the concept of mind in terms of a system or program that governs behaviour (Valentine, 1993, chapter 3, pp. 20), the mind can be attributed a totally unalike role. It is established that the frontal lobes has a major role in our personality. The anterior cortex has a superior role in the neuropsychological system. It has feeler to a vast amount of information that is stored and is processing in the brain. Additionally, it is able to directly and indirectly control activation of the cerebral res ources. In particular, the dorsolateral region of the anterior cortex has been identified as being responsible for coordination, psychological control and executive functions. The motor and sensory network is closely weaved unneurotic with the area, which enables it to have full access to information about the condition of the own body and the surrounding world as well as having the prospect to integrate with the environment. It has also a close relationship to the orbital cortex, which is associated with our thoughts, decision-making and behaviour influenced by emotional and social values of situations as it has a richly number of interconnections with the limbic system. Damage to the dorsolateral region is characterized by loss of the big businessman to take initiative, psychological independence and integrity. The patient becomes passive, impulsive and aimless. She is not able to mobilize and orient attention or thoughts in an organized manner. However, as prefrontal cortex is highly complicated, it has been difficult to closely investigate but what sort of psychological work that bark area executes, which has made this part of the brain a riddle to be solved (Eriksson, 2001). Considering these facts and the fact that the dorsolateral cortex is highly situated in the hierarchy of the brain, it could be argued that the area is the place where the mind resides. In this sense, the mind is an extension and the superior of the brain. Evolutionary speaking, this would set sense. According to Paul MacLean, three distinct brains emerged successively in the course of evolution and co-inhabit the human skull. These are, in evolutionary-time order, reptile brain, limbic brain and the neo-cortex (Holden, 1979). These three parts do not operate independently of one another rather, they have established numerous interconnections through which they influence another (Passer Smith, 2007). In a similar way, the mind might somehow evolved in mate with the neo-corte x. Nevertheless, in brain surgeries on monkeys showed bluntness in all of aspects of their emotion. Myers (c.f. Eriksson, 2001) state the animals loss of noises, facial expressions and, general, all forms of communication. The animal, generally, suffers from hyperactivity, mutism and behaves like an automat. However, the idea that the prefrontal cortex is the seat of the mind lacks any real scientific support or research as it would be very difficult to get a line how it is possible as the mind is a non-physical substance. Yet, future minds, with the assistance of perhaps new and more advanced technology may find a way to tackle this issue.In sum, we have first used consciousness as the definition of the mind and tried to address the relationship of consciousness to the brain. Scientific evidence has supported the notion of brain activity do consciousness. However, these studies have had some methodological issues which need to be dealt with. Additionally, we have established tha t consciousness alone may not account for the mind as many of our processes also occur outside awareness. Instead, we have identified the prefrontal cortex as the seat of the mind. However, this is hard to prove and explain at present time. In conclusion, the sort of a problem the mind and brain is makes it difficult to construe and study scientifically as it is hard to mete out decent experiments on. For now, science needs to mature further in order to answer whether a relationship exists between the mind and the brain on with the direction of the relationship.

Theory Of European Integration Politics Essay

Theory Of European consolidation Politics EssayMany theories on European consolidation render emerged after the terrible events of World War II. They tried to develop how policy-making actors in distinct discipline settings leave behind shift their loyalties, expectations and semipolitical activities in ordinate to unify and create a stable political and economic in alliance throughout the Europe. (Haas, Ernst B., 1968 The Uniting of Europe. 1950-1957. Stanford Stanford UP, p. 16). The main theories at that while were Functionalism, Neo-functionalism, Intergovernmentalism, broad-minded Intergovernmentalism and Federalism. In this essay most competing theories revolving around the summons of European Integration will be compargond. They be the Liberal Intergovernmental approach created by Andrew Moravcsik and Neo-Functionalism was create by Earns Haas. I agree with Liberal Intergovernmental possibleness of European desegregation as it provides a more useful utility to justify the creation of the community and how various actors behave at heart the European governance comp bed to Neo-Functional approach. LI is also better, because it has achieved this dominant status due to its theoretical soundness, existential power, and utility as a foundation for synthesis with some early(a) definitions regarding regional and European Integration (Moravcsik, Schimmelfennig 2009 67). This body politicment will be move on veritable by contrasting main assumptions of these theories, as well as detect causal relationships in political events in case of the Single European Act (SEA) which happened in the march of establishing a union amongst European countries (Sabine, George H., 1968 A history of political theory. London Harrap, p. V).The largest discourse in theorising European Integration happened around two theories Neo-functionalism and Liberal Intergovernmentalism. Neo-functionalism was created in the mid-1950s. The main thinker was Earns Haas who developed this theory in his workThe Uniting of Europe Political, Social and scotch Forces 1950-1957 (Cini 2004, p. 81). He tried to find out how regional cooperation and development were united to the integration in Latin America and Europe. However later, the theory became associated with the European Union, since economic and political integration was much more developed there, compared to Latin America (Cini 2004, p.83). Before the creation of Intergovernmentalism, Neo-functionalism (a pluralist theory) seemed to provide a better explanation of the European Integration (EI). It explained how and why they (states) voluntarily mingle, merge and mix with their neighbours so as to lose the factual attributes of sovereignty while acquiring juvenile techniques for resolving conict between themselves (Haas 1970 610).The most prominent ideas of neo-functionalists were the spillover effects which free energy the EI, as nation states are interdependent. They also stressed importan ce of non-state actors in international politics. Haas argued, that they essence in which countries behave on international field of operations was a direct outcome of a pluralistic political suffice. new(prenominal) actors, like institutions within the state and interest groups influenced decisions of the government. This fact shaped the route the states behave, thus shaped the European Integration. Neo-functionalists often use activities of multinational corporations to plant how various non-governmental actors shape international politics. however the prime illustration to build the assumption, that non-state actors are very crucial in EI is the European Commission. As it was considered to be in unique position it is a non-state actor, it can shape some(prenominal) international and domestic pressures on governments of European states to crowd the EI, despite the fact that some governments might not look forward to collaborate. This way Neo-Functionalism places stu dy emphasis on the role of non-governmental actors governments are authoritative actors in the cognitive operation as well.Neo-Functionalism view spillover as a driving force of the EI. wide political integration derives from economic integration between the states which is the cause of sloshed cooperation in particular economic policy sector. This process can be understood by a concept of spillover, as explained by Lindberg (1963 10)In its most general formulation, spillover refers to a situation in which a attached action, related to a specic goal, creates a situation in which the headmaster goal can be assured only by winning further actions, which in turn create a further turn back and a postulate for more action, and so forthThere are several types of spillovers in NF theory. The main are the political and functional. The functional spillover may be explained as a situation where integration in whizz economic sector will foster integration in other policy areas. So fu nctional pressures are created for further integration within and beyond that policy area. As a result, economies of nation states will entangle. As integration expands social interests will change towards international centre and the need for further European institutionalisation will arise (Rosamond, Ben, 2000 Theories of European Integration. Houndsmills MacMillan, p. 51-52). As a result of functional spillover, it can be seen that industrial economies are interconnected. So it is not possible to separate one policy area from another. This implies a political spillover which is involved in creating political pressures in format to promote integration in states involved in functional spillover. As soon as one policy area is created, various actors interested in its development will seek ways in which they can have influence at the supranational level. As for example, the development of ECSC (European Coal and nerve Community) will make consumer groups, trade unions and lobbyst s from coal and steel communities to switch from national governments to the new supranational agency the High Authority. Later on actors will appreciate the benefits opened to them as a result of the integration. They will further advocate integration to eliminate barriers imposed by governments prior to integration.the process of community formation is dominated by nationally constituted groups with speci c interests and aims, willing and able to adjust their aspirations by turning to supranational means when this course appears protable(Haas 1966 xxxiv).Based on Hoffmanns work, which criticised Neo-functionalism, Andrew Moravcsik created an improved version of the integration process explanation. To prove that the new Liberal Intergovernmental approach is better it is important to fully understand its theoretical basis. Liberal Intergovernmental (LI) theory tries to explain the process of European Integration. It starts by recognising political actors and trying to find which r oles did they take during the Integration. In order to agree or disagree with the theory it is essential to understand who the actors are and what they do. LI theory emphasises the national governments being the most important actors. I agree with this point, as I find that the state governments are the main drivers of integration compared to supranational actors and institutions as Neo-functionalism argues. States achieve their goals through intergovernmental bargaining. But they only negotiate, if their national interest is concerned. It may be observed that this way national governments are the most powerful drivers of the European Integration, as they bind the pace and deepness of unification with other countries. The reason for the power lies in the nature of the state government. All of the members are democratically elected, which makes them unique in the integration process. The governments also possess legal sovereignty. Taking into account facts and assumptions of Liberal Intergovernmentalism it could be seen that this explanation of integration process is more elucidating.Liberal Intergovernmentalism implies that states are rational. It means that the state government will closely examine all the possible options given in any question which concerns their national interest. consequently it chooses the one which maximises profit for the state, thus satisfying the national interest. In The pick for Europe (1998), Moravcsik explains how governments operate together. It is based on two assumptions of LI theory a) states are the most influential actors b) states are rational in their actions. Firstly, they state what is the most important for their nation (preferences), and then they bargain and negotiate with other governments to achieve a most effective consensus for both. In third place, they order the existent supranational institutions or create new ones in order to ensure that their decisions will be implemented and secured afterwards. (Moravcsi k / Schimmelpfennig p.70f)It may be seen that LI theorists do not deny the existence of other actors institutions, bodies and interest groups (for example civil servants and officials within the state) in their explanation of integration. These actors could also affect the process and decisions made, but their influence is rather marginal in the creation of planetary international system. Neo-Functionalist theory emphasises how important the role of them are, but these national and supranational actors do not play a significant role in European Integration as they are merely used by national governments only when the latter pursue national interest.

Impacts on Private Savings in Pakistans Economy

Impacts on closed-door Savings in Pakistans thrift1. IntroductionThe term nest egg describe the unconsumed disposable income which is unbroken with intention of stabilizing consumption in well-nigh future time. Private nest egg contri thate in overall harvest-tide of whatever sphere and economists consider it as a gauge to economic health. When people show up to rely on debts either than their saved cash much more than pressure is prep ar on the financial institutions which reduce the strength of either nation. People save in good times so that they restrain enough funds in their account for the rainy days which ar more likely to come in a very shop pace in countries developing countries like Pakistan. This issue of insufficient funds lead any(prenominal) country towards poverty which is a big threat for all emerging markets which are trying to become prosperous and ask to be counted as developed nation of this impulsive world.Pakistani thrift is in its developing stage, and this is the reason that is facing a very gloomy saving rate. There are various factors behind this phenomenon. Saving is the separate factor which accessions future consumption (Kim, 2010), this fact made researcher prepared towards the importance of this topic to be researched and discussed comprehensively. Even though this issue was in consideration by some researchers before but it still contain to be considered more as no much conclusive results were found for it in the chivalric. Private nest egg is expected to sum overall growth of a country by making it more stable and organized. several(prenominal) economic and demographic variables are expected to have their valuable crook on Private Savings (Hondroyiannis, 2004) variables in this have are selected by keeping this fact in view.1.1 BackgroundPrivate savings are facing a very consistent decline in Pakistan from so many past decades which are not a common arc as early(a) Southeast Asian countries are having a delaying increase in their Private savings. Private savings which become weaken of national saving after existence summed up with public savings this gives it a vital role in the overall performance of any country. Savings can create intensions of investment specifically on uppercase stocks which will cause an increase in nations productivity, this reach will leads towards raise in wages and consumption and Increased heavy(p) stocks likewise increase employment. Researcher is considering few variables as determinatives of common soldier savings which are previously found to have the involveful determinants in past studies.Incomes of individuals is considered as one of the most influential factors in many past studies but evidence is in addition available that in 1970s and 1980s private savings of Pakistan was having average of less than 17% of disposable income which was very dispirited in comparison with other Asian economies (Husain, 1996). Another evidence whi ch certify strong copulation between income and private savings is as verbalize that pension plan enhance its importance. Income and employment have significant similarity with personal savings (Kim, 2010). FDI is also considered to be desirable and recommended to be change magnitude by researchers (Shahbaz et al, 2010). It is stated that whenever remittances increase a very visible growing in National savings is visible, a positive and significant relative was found in the research (Chaudhry et al, 2010).1.2 Problem StatementIn past several studies are make on the topic of private savings (Husain, 1996, Kim, 2010 Lean and Song, 2009 Masson, 1998 Chaudhry et al, 2010). Those studies have identified several variables which are influential on private savings in different countries. This study is being conducted by utilize recent information and this is the reason that this will add current k instanterledge. Thus thither is a fate of such work to be done in Pakistan by makin g use of latest entropy. propellant of private savings play a vital role for Pakistans thrift where there is lots of instability in economic specifications. Instability of this delivery has made it really essential for all the members of this rescue to maintain some funds for crucial times. This study will allow all the readers to escort that what factors are affecting this important element in the selected thriftiness.1.3 Research gestureBackground of this research gives birth to following research questionQ. What is the determinant of Private savings in economy of Pakistan?1.4 Research ObjectiveThe join objective of this research is to highlight the importance of private savings in Pakistan and addressing key factors which are controlling the behaviour of private savings in positive or negative manner. In order to achieve this wide of the mark objective following specific objectives are pursued in this studyTo identify the impact of FDI on private savings of Pakistani eco nomyTo identify the impact of ADR on private savings of Pakistani economyTo identify the impact of REM on private savings of Pakistani economyTo identify the impact of INF on private savings of Pakistani economy1.5 Scope of the StudyThis study will tell on aboriginal issues regarding private savings which will be helpful for the economy of Pakistan. thematic focus of this study is to determine the factors that are affecting private saving. geographical focus of this study is the economy of Pakistan.1.6 Limitation of the StudyResearcher is lay all possible efforts in this study, but in spite of that there are always some limitations of research. Limitation of this study is accessibility cod to availability of limited resources entropy collected for this research is from online sources.2. Methodology2.1. cause of ResearchThis is a quantitative research in which numeric entropy is being analysed by application of statistical model. Deductive approach is being applied in this r esearch where, we are dealing with an existing conjecture and testing it parametric form of data.Furthermore, this is a descriptive cum informative research is being done in this study for understanding the relation between bloodsucking and different independent variables.2.2.Data SourceElectronic copies of demand data were acquired from official website of state bank of Pakistan, economic survey of Pakistan and stack book of economics. Secondary data is being used in the research which was available on different websites.2.3.Sample SizeAs per the focus of this study, data collected for this research is of Pakistani economy. Researcher is collecting annual data of past 30 years which is from 1984 to 2013.2.4.Statistical TechniqueBy using SPSS 19.0 data is imported and descriptive and regression digest is performed on metric data. action of descriptive analysis has allowed the researcher to explain the data rigorously. Regression analysis is applied to check out existence of kinship between selected dependent and independent variables.3. Conclusion and RecommendationThis research which was conducted in order to reveal important and impactful factors influencing private saving is found to be useful and contribute well. Out of the four hypotheses that were established in this research, three are true and one is rejected.Results which were found in the end indicated that, three factors which were foreign get off investment, age dependency ratio and remittance have significant impact on private savings. There is only one variable that has unimportant relation which is Inflation.FDI should also be increased and this could only be done if political situation of our country will become stable as it will make our country more lucrative for the foreign investors. previously there was a very good and appreciatable trend as many Multinational companies were coming and investing in Pakistan but this trend is now facing a down trend due to bad political and soci al conditions of the nation.Decrease in age dependency is although causing an increase in private saving but there is a need of making sure that this decrease is not because of bad health condition or child labour. Government must make policies for taking a better care of all these dependent effectively.Remittance is normally considered to be a factor that strengthens economy, but in case of Pakistan, negative relationship is due to ineffective usage of remittance. At this point there is a need of prioritising the needs and wants. Receivers of remittance must ensure that they are using it effectively rather than wasting it. Government can also deputise in this by increasing the taxes on remittance inflow and also assuring that false channels for sending remittance are not being adopted.Inflation in Pakistani economy is a major(ip) problem and insignificant relation between inflation and private savings shows that two extreme situations 1) poverty and 2) extreme richness are on thei r hype in this economy. There is a need of making policies through which equal distribution of wealth can become possible in the economy.This research can be continued further by considering other economic factors which were not covered here. Other dependent variables can also be considered which also contribute in overall growth of any country and thought to be judgemental factor of economic health by economist.

Civil Disobedience and Its Relation to the Democratic Process Essay

Everything in the universe is a system that must progress, and in order to progress, it must consume and test the realities around it. Throughout the register of humanity, individuals and groups have invariably defied laws that they believe are unjust and have always moved to progress society ground on either their aver motives. The idea of Democracy is revolutionary it is a microcosm of the collective reality because disparate entities always come together in a feedback loop in order for their motives to coalesce and balance each other out. This is the case from big(a) galactic masses to individuals engaging in civil disobedience in order to further a cause. Despite concerns that it eliminates order and solelyows individuals to disregard laws that they take issue with, civil disobedience is quintessential to the democratic process, because it allows those who engage in it to gestate the legal consequences of their actions and spark debate over whether heinous legalities sho uld be repealed. both symbiosis of individuals and govern ment, must be egalitarian. The Founding Fathers of this nation believed that all men are created equal and should be ensured the right to life liberty and the interest of happiness. The United States Constitution was created in order for the institution of governing body to be able to deed the greatest amount of liberty and successfulness to all individuals, through a representative democracy. Here, whenever there are disagreements between individuals and government officials in regards to how a community is running, citizens are given greater border to manage their issues locally and gradually see results carried out to the national level, based on the momentum and support the respective initiatives have in the humankind domain.... ...the use of this tool, then we will have unlocked the gateway to prosperity in this country.Works CitedBill of Rights Transcript Text. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. Casola, Luca. Black Markets Empirical Studies into the Economic Behaviour of the Black Market Consumer. Diss. University of Canterbury, 2007. Canterbury, Australia University of Canterbury, 2007. Print. Celente, Gerald. avouch Trends for the New Millenium. Trends Journal (2009). Print.Harvey Wheeler, Preface, Daniel Sisson, The American Revolution of 1800, Alfred A. Knopf, N.Y. 1974.Limieux, Pierre. Civil and Uncivil disobedience Would Henry David Thoreau Have Obeyed Stop Signs in Outremont, Qubec? Liberty (1995). Web. 12 Mar. 2012. Schaffer subroutine library of Drug Policy. DRCNet Online Library of Drug Policy. Web. 18 Mar. 2012.

Disneys Effect on Society and Culture Essay -- essays papers

Disneys gist on Society and Culture For nearly seven decades Corporate Disney has bedazzle its audiences generation after generation have been entertained through avenues ranging from movies to plump out theme parks. While many find this massive establishment to be a significant part of American culture and welcome the Disney affectionateness with open arms, one man in particular looks past the jade and into his own theory of the Disney Corporation. Carl Hiaasen, a journalist for the Miami Herald, paints a witty and satirical portrait in this nonfiction account of a company. Hiaasen critizises the company for manifesting evil, enveloping perfection to a sickening extent, and whos sole purpose is to exalt as much money as feasibly possible. The book opens with Times Square-an eye socket home to many things MTV, Morgan Stanley, the worlds largest Mariot Hotel, the Ford Center for the Performing Arts, and Pee p Land, as well as the glittering freshly Disney Store. Hiaasen provides an interesting perspective, claiming Disney is out to get the better of sleaze in its unholiest fountainhead, Times Square.(2) While to some this intrusion of the new Disney Store is obtrusive, to many it is the beginning of a turn around for this differently less than clean, corrupt area within our society called Times Square. Hiaasen continues his raw(a) opinion of the company by claiming, Disney is so good at universe good that it manifests an evil...

Normandy :: essays research papers

Introduction The Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944 is variously known as D-Day, the Longest Day, Cross-Channel Attack, and probably some others as well. It was the largest single military operating theatre of World War II. Hence, the Normandy beaches are a must stop if you rile anywhere close to France. The 50th anniversary celebration in 1994 generated a fortune of hype. The recent movie Saving Private Ryan rekindled that interest. However, the landing everlastingly held a special niche going back to the event itself. very much like Gettysburg, the Normandy tone-beginning has been studied in great detail -- hour by hour, person by person, shot by shot. Well assume a flight landing in Paris and getting a term of a contract car (a must) at the airport. Then you would drive over to Caen ( around a one hundred fifty miles) and spend the night, which would put you at the east end of the beaches the next morning. This concur by Bruce Bilven, Jr., is a historical documenta tion of D-Day, June 6, 1944. The book itself contains a lot of dates, names and places, which makes it a tough book to follow. Bruce Bilven Jr., himself took part in the broad D-Day invasion of Omaha Beach, as a second Lieutenant in the twenty-ninth Division Artillery. Drawing on his own experiances as a solider in World War II, he wrote two other Landmark Books about the war From Casablanca to Berlin and From Pearl Harbor to Okinawa. Since the war he has written The American Revolution as well as many other books articles, and reviews. He lives with his wife and co-author, Naomi, and his college-age son in New York City. Summary Strategy D-Day began with the notion of the "Second Front." When Stalins Russia was invaded in 1941, he immediately demanded that his new allies attack Hitler to take off the pressure. No matter his past complicity. Churchill and Roosevelt replied with the invasion of nitrogen Africa in November 1942 and Italy in 1943. Chief of staff George C. Ma rshall considered these sideshows draining a way(predicate) troops and time. The real war, argued Marshall, was to be a direct advance on Germany through France. Even as the "sideshows" proceeded, three other campaigns were under way -- the war against the German submarines, the US-British strategic bombing offensive against Germany, and the logistical buildup in Britain. The submarine conflict was a precondition for the bombing and the buildup.

Stanleys Control in A Streetcar Named Desire Essay -- Control A Stree

Stanleys tone down in A Streetcar Named DesireRemember what Huey Long say Every Man is a King - Explain how Stanley had his control, how he has had his kingship challenged and how he is trying to re-establish his control.Remember what Huey Long said Every Man is a KingExplain how Stanley had his control, how he has had his kingshipchallenged and how he is trying to re-establish his control.In the initiative of A Street Car Named Desire by Tennessee Williams,we are presented with a stereotypical presentation of a husband andmarried woman. However, during the duration of the play, we see how Stanleychanges from existence in control, to loosing his control and usingdesperate measures to regain a tall status.In Scene 1 the impression the earreach gets about Stanley is that heis in control over his wife. The first age the audience sees him, hebellows at Stella and Stella mildly talks back to him, viewingStanleys higher status. Stanley also hurls a meaty package atStella, conve ying his masculine powerfulness that he possesses. Stella, incontrast, is the one that waits for Stanley. The first time we seeStella and Stanley together, Stanley has gone to find Stella ratherthan the other way round. This gives the audience the impression thatStella is almost a stay at home wife to Stanley. When Blanche andStanley first meet, it is easy to see that Stanley feels as if he hascontrol. He starts to run into his shirt in front of Blanche when hehas first met her, indicating his confidence and his high statusattitude. A small indication that Stanleys kingship is being challenged isshow in the start of Scene 2. In Scene 2, Stella takes Blanche out toa show and supper, while Stanley has ... ... then chooses Stanley, leaving Blanche to be taken external by a Doctor to a mental hospital.In the starting line of the play it is clear to see how Stanley has higherstatus than Stella, shown through a combination of stage directionsand speech. Stanley realises that his statu s has been lost fairlyearly on in the play, and firstly believes that he must show hismasculine power by hitting Stella. This is obviously the way he hassolved all previous issues to do with his masculinity, as Stella saysabout how Stanleys always sozzled things. Stanley realises how thisusual solution wont work this time, so he puts his efforts intodriving Blanche away. He succeeds in doing this, but it shows theaudience a hard side to Stanley. His last roundion to regainmasculinity is an awful act with risky consequences, as Stella couldhave easily turned against him.

The Anchoress of England: Julian of Norwichs Portrait of Christ as Mot

The Anchoress of England Julian of Norwichs Portrait of Christ as get under ones skin When speaking of medieval literature, Chaucer, Gower and Langland ar quite often the most noted. However, new-fashioned studies have provided modern scholars with a wide variety of medieval wo men writers from all over Europe and a few in England. The most astray anthologized side of meat female writer is Julian of Norwich. Julian was an anchoress, and as Marcelle Thiebaux notes, The recluse movement was widesp get wind in England from the eleventh to the fifteenth centuries. Both men and women chose this extreme form of asceticism, which was favored and encouraged by the crown, the church, and the laity. Anchorholds were small, narrow cells committed to churches or friaries (442). 11 The process of becoming an anchoress was difficult and complicated, but suffice it to translate that after the process was completed the anchoress was sealed up, never to re-emerge into the world. Penance, me ditation, reading, and in some cases writing were the anchorites sole activities (Thiebaux 442). This was the case for Julian of Norwich. She was well read in Scripture, dwelling especially on the Psalms, the gospels, and the epistles of Paul and John, ...and was the first English woman to write a book (Thiebaux 443-44). Her Book of Showings to the Anchoress Julian of Norwich 22 possesses literary and religious value, and the work lends itself quite naturally to a feminist reading. In her clear, lucid, prose style, combined with the images of the medieval mystic, Julian establishes herself as an independent, female religious berth and she gives a staunch affirmation of the divinity of God with this unique quite a little point the motherhood of God. In her fi... ...7. All biblical references come from the geneva Bible (which is based on the Jerome Bible) but were checked and crossed compose with the Jerome Bible with help of Professor Behunin as the Jerome Bible is in Latin. 77 It is kindle to note that there might be a biblical correlation to the hazelnut. The name filbert appears in the Bible, and in Jewish the name Hazel is a feminine name and means one who sees God. ( Harrison, R.K. Biblical Hebraic England Hodder & Stoughton, 1986.) 88 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Trans. Marie Borroff. Norton Anthology of British Literature Vol. 1, New York WW Norton, 1993. 99 The five fives as they are known in medieval literature and religion can be found in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Trans. Marie Borroff. Norton Anthology of British Literature Vol. 1, New York WW Norton, 1993, lines 640-654.

Comparing Ritual in Beckett, Hemingway, and ONeill :: comparison compare contrast essays

Ritual in Beckett, Hemingway, and ONeill perhaps the public psyche has simply been overloaded and, like an electrical circuit, has pursy its fuse and g unrivaled cold under the weight of too umteen impulses (Miller, lvi). The juvenile world is often looked upon as a cold and hardhearted one. And the modern existence is such that it has been called a Wasteland by T. S. Eliot. It has in like art objectner led Camus to parallel it with the ancient Greek myth of Sisyphus, who was condemned to repeatedly travail a boulder up a mountain, after which it would roll stamp out the other side, and he would have to start all over again. It is this riteistic bearing which has become a significant factor in modern life. Although ritualism is a common theme in modern literature, its function had been construe differently by modern printrs. Many, like Beckett and Hemingway, see ritualistic behavior almost as a form of therapy, a healing effect used to cope with internal turmoil. Others, chiefly expressionists like ONeill, look upon ritual with abhor. They see it as the deadening of society, the mechanization of humanity. Expressionist drama protested potently against the system of industrialized production that transformed man into an automaton (Glicksberg 51).ONeills scorn of ritualism, which is typical of the expressionists, is evident in his plays. The expressionists believed that humanity is out of kilter with nature, and mans obsession with materialism and machines is a factor in the deadening of the soul. ONeill was a man described by Joseph Golden as being a godless, despondent, pessimistic, antisocial creature who was also prone to such exuberance that he could write to a friend Im tickled to death with life I wouldnt go out and miss the heartsease of the play for anything(31).ONeills lack of belief in religion was a constant quantity struggle for him. He was disturbed not only by the absence seizure of Christianity, but by humanitys inability to find a replacement for it. He described this feeling in a letter to George Jean Nathan when he wrote, The playwright today must dig at the roots of the indisposition of today as he feels it--the death of the Old God and the failure of science and materialism to give any satisfying new one for the surviving primitive religious instinct to find a substance of and to life in, comfort his fears of death with (qtd in Golden 39).

My Story :: Personal Narrative

As I begin this assignment, I really dont experience what to write. Should I begin with how I was born and rise up in a country that is far away from Ameri push aside? Maybe talk a little bit about my background will economic aid my classmates get to know who I am, and that is the least thing I can do now. I was born in Saigon City, Vietnam, a country located in Southeast Asia, within a big family. My enhances have v elder brothers, twain sisters before they have me. I had problems after my family a little disorder ( nonhing serious) in my brain caused me some troubles and vexation to my parents. It took three years to be cured through continuos visit to my affect in Saigon City. Those days were really difficult not only for my parents and me, simply besides for the whole family too because I was submitted to terrible exams according to my age. My family position that I wouldnt be able to grow up standardized other normal kids. However, with the praise of every member in my family, I was healthy after all. By the time I was ready for kindergarten, my two elder brothers allowed to come to the United States to study aboard. This was a big variegate in my family because my parent wanted to save money for my brothers education. Therefore, they sold our theatre of operations and asked my two elders sister to help them with our family business sooner of going to college. The clearest thing I remember about this issue was my sisters not happy with this decision. However, in my country, the idea of women with high education isnt anticipate as compare to men. Therefore, I think it is the tradition that effects my parent to decide this way. As for me, I continue to grow through train and the love of my parent. In the school I spent wonderful time with my friends. I used to participate with my group in moms day every year dancing. At the same time, I also started to go to my ballet classes. First my mother sent me because she wanted, and when she deci ded to endow me out of my classes I asked her not to do that. According to my mother, I end everything to go to my ballet classes, and never I refused to go.

Chivalry Essay -- essays research papers

Chivalry     Chivalry, the order of knighthood, and especially, the code of knightlybehavior, comes from many origins. In Middle English, the joint "chevalrie"meant "mounted horseman". In Old french, the word "chevalrie" meantknightliness or "chevalier" meaning knight. (Microft, Encarta) Al or so allorigins of the word meant horseman.      war was non an option in the medieval period and the knight was themost crutial part. The knights ability, and the military strength of the victoror king were nessesary for their survival. A knight was loyal to his king eventhough he was not ceaselessly a member of his personal court. He was also loyal tohis lord or landowner. Most of all, he was loyal to God, as all Christianknights were. A Christian knight had virtues of fidelity, piety, loyalty anddevotion to God. However, some knights did not live this ideal lifestyle.(Duby)     A young boy in gro oming to be a knight spent the first few days of hislife in care of the women in his family. At the age of 7 years old, a child ofnoble birth would be position in the castle of a lord or govenor. This is wherethe training for knighthood began. As a page, the boy would be tutored inLatin and French, but he devoted most of his time to physical exersice, andduties. A page was enlightened in wrestling, tilting with spears, and militaryexercises that were done on horseback....

Technology :: essays research papers

lake herring Systems, Inc.All content are Copyright 19922001 cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement. paginate 1 of 5BROCHURECisco wandering OfficeOn the channelMaximumProductivityforBusiness ProfessionalsOverview A Workplace in workIts no secret that todays professionals are spend more time than ever working away fromthe office. In the internet economy, employees onthe move depend on engagementing to communicatewith their clients, partners, and coworkers. Yetthese runny professionals often have limitedaccess to the people, information, and tools theyneed to be productive.traditional remote networking is often tooslow, unreliable, expensive, or inconvenient tomeet the call for of business professionals on themove. Simply locating a working visit jack inan airport or hotel room can be an extraordinarytask. And the firewalls that keep companyinformation plug away can affectedness additional obstaclesfor those who need network acces s.Network administrators face their own problemsas they contend with managing a vigorous workforce.Opening a corporate network to busy accesscan make it vulnerable to unknown security measures risks.Dialup charges, equipment replacement, andcumbersome billing systems strain patience aswell as budgets.Despite these pitfalls, the need for mobileconnectivity is here to stay. According to IDC,45 million of todays mobile business professionalsneed to access the earnings or their corporatenetwork. And as more low-priced, high-powerednotebook PCs, handheld devices, and cell phonesemerge, their numbers will continue to grow.To meet the need for secure broadband accessanytime, anywhere, Cisco Systems has partneredwith other industry leaders to bring on CiscoMobile Office On the Road. A flexible,easy-to-use solution, Cisco Mobile OfficeOn the Road enables secure wired and wirelessconnectivity for mobile professionals over theInternet.Combining state-of-the-art VPN security andbroadband bandwidth with easy configuration,Cisco Mobile Office On the Road deliverson-the-move access to broadband networking.Its the most comprehensive solution on themarket today, enabling mobile employees tostay productive with a manageable solution.Cisco Systems, Inc.All contents are Copyright 19922001 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Notices and Privacy Statement.Page 2 of 5Access When You Need It,Where You Need ItDesigned specifically for the needs of professionals awayfrom the corporate office, Cisco Mobile Office Onthe Road delivers reliable, hassle-free Internet or secureenterprise LAN access, all with or without wires.While competing vendors might offer portions of a mobilesystem, sole(prenominal) Cisco offers a complete, unified solutionthat delivers A comprehensive bunch of advanced wired and wirelessnetworking solutions Technologies that enable fast, convenient connectivity Continuous, end-to-end security Standards-based interoperability Expandable, upgrad eable platforms to future-proofyour organization Options for mobility settlement offering integratedbilling and user interfacesFurthermore, Cisco Mobile Office On the Road isthe only solution plunk for by a team of industry-leading

Fishing and Relaxing at the Lake Essay -- Descriptive Essay, Descriptiv

When raft discuss Naples and describe the sights, they usually just rear the beach, Fifth Avenue, and the swamp. To the wad who live here and experience the unseen places, in that respect is much more. thither is one place I particularly like. That is shoe Lake and it is a lake where slightly of the greatest searching experiences occur that include catching large fish and relaxing with a friend. There is an indescribable felling that occurs at Horseshoe Lake. It is a feeling of mild comfort and much require relaxation confused with exhilaration. The comfort comes from the light breeze, which quickly comes and goes while you argon fishing. It is this breeze that allows your fishing line to float one way or another, thus doing the luring for you. The rangy oak trees provide shade that prevents you f... Fishing and Relaxing at the Lake render -- Descriptive Essay, DescriptivWhen people discuss Naples and describe the sights, they usually just mention the beach , Fifth Avenue, and the swamp. To the people who live here and experience the unseen places, there is much more. There is one place I particularly like. That is Horseshoe Lake and it is a lake where some of the greatest fishing experiences occur that include catching large fish and relaxing with a friend. There is an indescribable felling that occurs at Horseshoe Lake. It is a feeling of mild comfort and much needed relaxation mixed with exhilaration. The comfort comes from the light breeze, which quickly comes and goes while you are fishing. It is this breeze that allows your fishing line to float one way or another, thus doing the luring for you. The tall oak trees provide shade that prevents you f...

Gatsby :: essays research papers

The American trance     I have solely read a novel called "The Great Gatsby" this novel was based in the 1920s. In this novel there are lots of drinking, and parting. In this turn out Ill be writing about how the novel condemns the belief of "The American Dream", this belief states that, hard working people are successful and tolerate happy lives. And in this novel "The American Dream" was just a mirage.     One of the characters in the novel that represents the American Dream is Wilson he was star of the character that was a hard worker and own his own mechanical shop, he was superstar of the characters that worked every day and every night to corroboration his family. For all he did for his family he was rewarded by his wife leaving him for some other man and for a friend to have power over him with haggling and to get a loved one killed by a gondola that she was walking toward("When he came outside aga in a little afterwards seven he was reminded of the conversation because he heard Mrs. Wilsons voice, load and scolding, devour stairs in the garage "Beat me" he heard her cry. " frustrate me down and beat me, you dirty little coward" A moment later on she rushed out into the dusk, waving her hands and shouting before he could move from his door the business was over. The "death car" as the newspapers called it, didnt obturate it came out of the gathering darkness, wavered tragically for a moment and then disappeared round the next bend."Pg.144-145). For all this he got for all his hard work he went and killed Gatsby and killed himself("The chauffeur--he was one of Wolfshiems proteges heard the shots--afterward he could only say that he hadnt concept any social function much about them. I drove from the station directly to Gatsbys brook and my rushing anxiously up the front steps was the first thing that alarmed anyone. But they knew then, I fi rmly believed. With scarcely a reciprocation said, four of us, the chauffeur, butler, gardener and I, hurried down to the pool. There was a faint, scantily perceptible movement of the water as the fresh flow from one end urged its way toward the drain at the other. The touch of a compass, a thin red circle in the water. IT was after we started with toward the house that the gardener was Wilsons body a little way off in the grass, and final solution was complete"Pg.

Comparing King Arthur and With Honors :: Movies Film With Honors King Arthur Essays

Comparing King Arthur and With Honors Have you ever so enamoured a movie or read a novel without a plot? Most likely your answer to this question would be no, because it would be dull. No one wants to hear a story with no beguile or conflict. As you read a novel or watch a require, you want to connect with the characters and feel you can relate to the situations theyre dealing with. In e rattling film and every story in that respects a conflict the main character(s) is facing. The story of King Arthur, and the film With Honors appear at first to be on opposite sides of the pastime spectrum. However, both are excellent examples of searching for ones cozy human, and lifes meaning.While watching the film With Honors one could pick up on a lot of symbolism, foreshadowing, and numerous heroes journeys. Each character goes through their consume search and personal development. For example the character Courtney played by female horse Kelly. In the beginning of the film shes head over heals for her roomy and close friend Monty played by Brendan Fraiser. As the story unfolds, Courtneys eyes are opened to see Montys true inner human qualities.The biggest heroes journey in the film With Honors is the journey Monty a Harvard police student goes through. During a heavy snowstorm one night, his computer freezes up, period hes in the middle of working on his thesis paper, which he needs to pass in order to graduate. He goes to the library to make a copy of what he already has saved, but past he trips and drops his thesis into the basement of the library. Once in the library he finds a bum burning up his thesis for heat. The bum whose image Simon played by Joe Pesci. Simon makes a deal with Monty he will bound him backward his thesis page by page, for every good routine he does towards him. As the story unfolds Monty and Simon change each others lives. Monty starts off as an uptight, stereotypical, close-minded young man. Before knowing Monty, Simon is ver y set is his ways, and unapproachable. Because Monty and Simons personalities are so different, they are FOILS. As Monty earns back pages of his thesis Simon becomes a father figure to him. He shows him what is really rich in life. Simon keeps rocks from memorial places the rocks represent Simons life.

Hemispheres Of The Brain :: essays research papers

Hemispheres of the BrainAs I was reading the text I came upon a section that I thought to besooner fascinating. It talked more or less people who have a head word that functions liketwo variant people inside of the brain. This is of course the Split-BrainPersonality. As I studied this matter in more detail I found it to be quitebroad and yet very detailed. I found that I infallible a dictionary to be able toread all of the health check journals and books that are out there, to be able tounderstand what it was exactly, that I was reading. only if with a little study andresearch I found that this is a precise science that is still largely full ofmysteries.The study of hemispheric asymmetry with in the cerebral cortex had longbeen a bewitchment with the hu gentleman race. The ancient Aztec cultures used toperform a type of brain surgery on humans. This is evident from the humanremains that we find with incisions and pieces miss of the skull. Whetheror not these primitive surg eries were successful is unknown. The earliest wayfor man to observe the brain was by noticing brain damage to a finicky areaof the brain that was damaged. Such observations were first recorded some 5,000long time ago (Myers,1995). The most popular case is that of Phineas Gage a pressure worker that had severe frontal lobe damage. This happened when a railroad intertwine was shot through his head by a piece of dynamite. miraculously helived through the experience, but with a severe change in his personality. Fromthis physiologists learned that personality was largely controlled from thispoint namely by removing a persons inhibitions.For the most part the brain has been a mystery that is waiting to beopened. The last two decades have witnessed a period of research on the humancerebral functions comparable to the great era of discovery initiated by Brocain 1861(Young, G,. Segalowitz, S,. Corter, C,. Trehub, S,.1983). We have leanedmore in the past 20 long time about the brain and it s hemispheric asymmetry than wehad learned in unite previous history.(Kosslyn, 1993). Most of this new workhas been devoted to the study of cerebral functions in adults, but recentlythere has been a growing involvement in infants and young children most especiallyamong the study of hand preference. well-nigh 10 percent of the human population inleft-handed(Myers,1995). By sounding at ancient writings this right hand-handpreference has seemed to develop right from the start of the human race. Italso is apparent that from ultrasound devises that about 9 in 10 fetuses suck

Deceptive Cell Phone Television Commercials :: Media

It whitethorn seem like cell audio television commercials be unambiguous and easy to follow, but many people would agree that aft(prenominal) a few monthly bills start flowing in, they may form a different opinion. These so-simple cellular phone plans that the companies advocate are often quite a misleading to consumers. This is largely due to the fact that companies present viewers with a vague explanation of their services. This is successful in making a someone feel the need to sign-up without any apprehensions. Many individuals do not attend that they have been deceived into a contract that they will eventually regret after it is too late. The approximately common misleading topic that cell phone commercials try to avoid expressing is the cost of the unknown bill charges and where they come from. cellular phone phone companies work hard to hide as much of the costs as possible from their consumers. They may say a certain crop in the advertisement, but t his is the bare minimum in most cases. What they are not telling their costumers are the roaming charges, long distance contingencies, and, if available, text heart rates. Indefinite bill charges are very popular problems that occur for most customers. For example, a hyphen customer experienced first hand how Sprint was increasing their monthly rates. The customer had signed up for a $50-a-month plan but did not know what he was paying for until, he hear the news that Sprint PCS had been quietly imposing rate increases, tucking them under fees and surcharges(Ballheim,2003). batch are often not aware of what the whole plan includes because on the nose pieces of favorable information are told to them. When the customer finally realizes the extra costs, and requirement to change companies, they are slammed with even more charges. The man who was mentioned previously hitherto had to pay another $150 dollars as a penalty exquisite in order to cancel his service (Ballheim, 2003). This is an all too old(prenominal) case with false advertising a cell phone plan. It seems as though the cell phone companies should be the ones who should pay the penalty fine. But, we, the customers, defend paying these deceiving companies to mislead us and charge more money when they do.

Illegal Immigration Essay -- Immigration History

Illegal immigration is a grave inconvenience that affects everyone in the world. Illegal immigration is the process of an alien, or non-citizen, who has entered a province without government permission or stayed beyond the termination date of a visa (Free Online Law Dictionary). The flow of illegal immigrants is almost entirely from countries of subvert socioeconomic levels to countries of higher socioeconomic levels. Basic exclusivelyy, foreigners tend to migrate from un substantial countries to substantial countries. Many from Africa, an undeveloped continent, illegally migrate to Europe, a developed continent, in search of opportunities. Similarly, many Mexicans illegally cross the American border every month in search of the American dream (The Telegraph, 2004 White, n.d). Each individual has his way in how to immigrate to their new homes. For instance, in Africa, few solve to bribe the cops to show a blind eye to their actions, others pay almost 3000 euro to trafficking organizations, and others decide to secretly adhere on commercial trucks and into Europe. Regardless of how immigrants get to their new homes, they decide to take a huge risk and offer their old home in search for a better heart (Cornelius, et al., 1994). As a result, many leave or lose love ones and possessions. Some immigrants leave their home country due to political or economic reasons generally, choosing to immigrate to countries that be more technologically advanced, have huge resources, and that offer more opportunities. Others that have a more futuristic lieu migrate to give their children better lives. In a few countries, such(prenominal) as the United States, children of illegal immigrants are automatically given citizenship. Eventually, at once in a foreign country, illegal immigr... ...the crime rate in countries that harbor illegal immigrants has increased. In the US, for one, about 30 percent of all inmates are illegal immigrants (Illegal Immigration, 2008). Ov erpopulation is another issue that has resulted from illegal immigration. Overpopulation is now a growing issue because of illegal immigration (Cendrowicz, 2011). Annually, many illegal immigrants are crossing borders into countries around the world mainly into the US and Europe (considered developed nations). This is a rising issue that should be prevented because overpopulation will become the hatred of the 21st century (Wooldridge, 2003). As Arun Gandhi said (2003), If massive population is so good, why is India so poor? As a society, we should try to consider a halt to this increasing issue of illegal immigration and care our citizens by providing the best services and all we can.

The Josephine Baker Story Essay -- essays research papers

Josephine baker was innate(p) Freda Josephine Carson in St. Louis, Missouri, on June3, 1906 to washerwoman, Carrie McDonald, and vaudeville drummer, Eddie Carson.Josephines father aband mavind them shortly after(prenominal) her birth and her mother married a kind but endlessly unemployed man public figured Arthur Martin. Their family came to include a son and two much daughters. Josephine grew up cleaning houses and babysitting for wealthy white families until she got a muse waitressing at The Old Chauffeurs Club whenshe was 13-years-old. While working there she met a man named Willie Wells whomshe had a short marriage with. Josephine never depended on a man for financial supportand she never hesitated to leave when a relationship hit its breaking point. Which is whyshe was married and divorced trinity more times to an American named Willie Baker in 1921 (whose last name she chose to keep), a Frenchman ,Jean Lion, in 1937 (from whomshe attained French citizenship) and a Frenc h orchestra leader, Jo Bouillon, in 1947. Josephine toured the United States with The J sensations Family Band and The due south Steppersin 1919, performing various crotchety skits. When the troupes split, she tried to advanceas a choir girl for The Dixie Steppers in their production "Shuffle Along". She was turnedaway because she was " also skinny and too dark." Still determined as ever, she learned the chorus lines deeds while working as part of the crew. Therefore, Josephine wasthe obvious replacement when one of the springrs left. Onstage she rolled her eyes andpurposely actedclumsy. The audience loved her comedic tally and Josephine was a box office hit for the rest of the shows run. Josephine traveled to capital of France for a new show that proved to be a twist point in her career. Josephine and dance partner Joe Alex captivated the audience with a routine that was new and exotic, and included Josephine boldly dressed in nada but a feather skirt. Jose phine worked the audience into frenzy with her uninhibited movements. She was an all-night sensation. Josephines immense popularity afforded her a comfortable salary, which she spent mostly on clothes, jewelry and pets. She loved animals and at one time she owned a leopard, a chimpanzee, a pig, a snake, a goat, a parrot, parakeets, fish, three cats and seven dogs. When her routine with Alex got old she moved on and starred in La hoo-ha du ... ...eine. The French government honored her with a 21-gun salute, making Josephine Baker the showtime American woman buried in France with military honors. Her gravesite is in the Cimetire de Monaco, Monaco. Josephine Baker has continued to intrigue and inspire people throughout the world. In 1991, HBO released The Josephine Baker Story. The movie won two Emmys for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries and Outstanding Art Direction. The movie also picked up one of three Golden Globe nominations. Josephine Baker sashayed onto stage with a comic, merely sensual appeal that took Europe, and eventually the world, by storm. Famous for barely-there dresses and uninhibited dance routines, her exotic beauty generated nicknames such as "Black Venus," "Black drop" and "Creole Goddess." Admirers bestowed a plethora of gifts, including diamonds and cars, and she received approximately 1,500 marriage proposals. Josephine Baker was once quoted saying "I love performing. I shall perform until the sidereal day I die." She maintained energetic performances and a celebrity status for 50 years before going softly in her sleep, but she did non go softly through life.

The Limits of Narrative in in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay

The Limits of Narrative in philia of Darkness Early English novelists depicted a very general literality that is, what many observed to be real is what found its flair into the narratives. For example, several novels of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries emphasize, or entirely revolve around, the mentation of accessible status. Samuel Richardsons Pamela addresses a servants dilemma between her morals and low social position the hero of Henry Fieldings Tom Jones must also demonstrate his low birth. Jane Austen famously portrayed class struggles in nearly all one of her novels. These texts all represented the universe of discourse at its face the actions of the characters radius for their reality, and the narrator was simply the descriptor of these events. The novels conformed to a very narrow world-view, peculiar(a) by popular thought. True, there was much to explore within this confinement, as shown by the range of commentary in the texts. Still, as storie s they could only contribute what society observed a kind of reality by consensus. As Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness demonstrates, modernism rejected the aims and methods of realism, and claimed the inner self represented the real more closely than the public world. Furthermore, realism appeared to represent the world wholly and concisely. Conrads novel rejects this, and instead exposes the failure of language to describe a complete reality. In Heart of Darkness, Marlow himself is incomplete, and so is his narrative. He is forced into imprecise language, resigned to using negative modifiers and repeating inexact words. He struggles to tell his fabrication satisfactorily, and by his own admission, his telling is deficient. The limitation of language, then, becomes the focus of t... ...e rejection of nineteenth nose candy realism. Since Marlow the storyteller is flawed, his story falters as a result. The novel effectively reduces to each one to their flaws, but does not attempt to hide its limitations behind a manufacture authority. It is this absence, or seeming absence, of controlled writing that brings Heart of Darkness closer to the real than any authoritative work of realism. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. 1902. impertinent York Dover, 1990. Erdinast-Vulcan, Daphna. The unsung Short Fiction of Joseph Conrad. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1999. 78-108. Greaney, Michael. Conrad, Language, and Narrative. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2002. 57-76. Hawthorn, Jeremy. Studying the Novel. 4th ed. London Arnold, 2001. 60-61 Leavis, F.R. The Great Tradition. New York Stewart, 1950. 173-82.