Theories of Development

Theories of phylogenesis There ar umpteen branches of psychology. The field of man study is shargond out into tailfin surmise groups. The possibleness groups ar Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Systems, Biological and Behavioral. Each system group has umpteen contributing theorists. Some theories overlap while separates atomic number 18 independent. Often theories are credible whereas others cause skepticism. There are many contributors to the world of psychology with different views and beliefs about human exploitation. Psychodynamic supposition Sigmund Freud was maven of the most(prenominal) influential contributors to the field of psychology.Freud was born(p) in 1856, in Moravia. In 1881, Freud received a doctorate in medicine. Freuds main decoct of study was neurology this led himto beginconcentrating his research on offensive disorders. Freuds research brought him to his psychoanalytical theory. Freuds theory suggests that an mortals unconscious processes or tho ughts contribute to matchlesss temper and influences wizards carriage. Freuds theory included the concept that someoneality is constitute of three elements the id (pleasure seeker), the ego (deals with reality), and the superego (ones sense of right and wrong).Freud also believed that human cultivation consisted of five psychosexual heads the oral stage ( tolerate-18 months), anal stage (18 months-3 age), ph on the wholeic stage (3-6 long eon), latency stage (6-12 geezerhood), and the genital stage (12 years and up). The theory included the belief that if one wants to develop a bouncing mortalality, one has to complete all five psychosexual stages successfully. Another gigantic contributor to the Psychodynamic field of psychology is Erik Erickson. Erickson was born in 1902, in Germany. Erickson traveled around Europe and attended the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute.Erickson was intrigued by Freuds theory, however Erickson believed that information occurred throughout ones spirit and that ones personality is shaped consciously from social interactions. Erickson positive the psychosocial theory of personality development. The theory includes eight stages of development Trust vs. mistrust (birth-12 months), self-direction vs. shame and doubt (12 months-3 years), Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years), Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years), swelled head identity vs. ego diffusion (12-18 years or older), Intimacy vs. solation (18-40 years), Generativity vs. self-absorption (40-65 years), and justness vs. despair (65 years and older). According to Craig and Dunn (2010), Ericksons theory emphasizes social interactions and argues that a distinct part of separately individual is based on the floriculture in which the individual is raised, depending heavily on the individuals interactions withcaregiversduring infancy. loving forces continue to shape personality throughout the lifespan as the individual experiences relationships with others (p. 13). Cogn itive hypothesisThe cognitive theory attempts to condone human behavior. This theory of psychology tries to understand the thought process behind ones personality or behavior. Two of the main cognitive theorists are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. two theorists have come a long way to help us understand the cognitive theory. The cognitive approach to psychology has sh possess a take of advancement from the contributions made by Piaget and Vygotsky. They have set the foundation for other theorists to do more research. Vygotsky and Piaget had similar thoughts on how infantren learn.Both theorists believed that children learn and think other than than adults and that children learn actively, through hands-on experiences. Piaget suggested that children think differently than adults. He developed this belief from observations and his stage theory of development. He was one of the basic theorists to res publica that children are actively gaining their confess knowledge of the world. Piaget often referred to children as teensy-weensy scientists. The reason behind the nickname is Piaget believed that children in free play were conducting their own experiments in the world to gain their own knowledge from it.One way that Piaget believed that children were study object permanence, was by rolling a ball into the other mode and then going to get it. This was the natural way for children to learn from their own experiment. Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development, known as the Development be Theory. Piagets theory is broken into four stages. Stage one is the sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to two years of age. Children use their five senses and movement to experience the world. Children are completely egocentric.Stage two, Preoperational Thought Stage, occurs from 2 years of age to seven years old. They must be able to rise their own thoughts and ideas. The third stage is Concrete operations stage, from seven years old to eleven years old. This stage of thinking becomes organized on a mental plane. The fourth and final stage of Piagets theory is formal operations. This stage occurs from age eleven to adulthood. Thinking goes into the realm of stringently abstract and hypothetical (Crain, 2011). Vygotsky was a psychologist his interest was developmental psychology, child development and education.Vygotsky also analyse childrens play. Vygotsky was a Marxist a person that believes that we can understand humans only in the context of the social-historical surround (Crain, 2011, p. 224). Vygotsky presented the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is the range in which a child can complete tasks on their own and tasks that they can complete with guidance from adults to assist. The ZPD captures a childs cognitive level of maturation (Crain, 2011). This regularity is guidance assistance the children gain new skills with minimal assistance.This method helps each child develop equally in the classroom. Biologicial Th eory Biological Foundations of valet de chambre Development influence the course of development throughout an individuals lifetime. Some developmental processes include growth during the prenatal period, the onset of puberty, and when a person gets their first grey hair. Most development through the lifespan is a result of successive interactions between biology and experience. (Craig & Dunn, 2010, p. 4) There are factors of biologic development that considers maturation, ethology, and attachment.Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduced several keys into developmental theory and proposed a biological timetable that included these components. Maturation, a theory created by Gesell, is the development of growth and maturement over time and depends heavily on biological processes. The theory states that development has a preordained sequence, that the rates vary but the sequence does not, and depends heavily on the internal make up and the environs. The theory basically suggests that devel opment begins in the womb. The theory continues on to measure the development of a child in the first few years of life.Maturation definitions include reciprocal intervening, functional asymmetry, self-regulation, individuality, proximodistal, suppuration/phylogeny, patterning and others. Ethological theories have major influences on biological development. Ethology is the study of behavior inwardly the evolutionary framework. It is the science of tool behavior and the study of human behavior and social organization from a biological standpoint. The theory states that how a person thinks is passed down genetically. Learning has a small role in this theory.Charles Darwin, who wrote the Theory of Evolution, is included in this theory. Though controversial, Darwins theory of selection of the fittest and natural selection shows that evolution is a major factor in a persons development. Evolution is factual and gives people the genetics that create skin color, height, etc. Konrad Lo renz wrote, Modern Ethology and discovered the idea of imprinting. He showed that this is a critical bonding period when animals are born. Animals bond with the first thing they see after they are born, be it their mother or any caregiver.Lorenz studied with Nikolaas Timbergen and they won a Nobel Prize for their work with animal patterns. Ethology includes naturalistic observation, instinctive behavior, and imprinting. Systems Theory Ludwig von Bertalanffy originally proposed general systems theory, in 1928. Bertalanffy was born and grew up in a little town near Vienna. He grew up in a wealthy family and had private tutors. After Bertalanffys parents divorced, he found a new example to follow, Paul Kemmerer, a famous biologist. Kemmerer was Bertalanffys neighbor. Kemmerer soon became an example for Bertalanffy.Bertalanffy attended the University of Vienna. At this time he had to choose between studying philosophy and science. Bertalanffy chose to become a biologist. Bertalanffy was a professor at many universities. Many early theorists that studied about systems theory aimed their work and research to observe a general systems theory that would explain all the systems in all of the fields of science. Bertalanffy developed the Allgemeine Systemlehre. The Allgemeine Systemlehre is a German call that means a system that can be applied in a number of fields. He did not like when it translated into habitual Systems Theory.His idea cut across what is known as the Weltanschauung, or worldview that entails epistemological (study of nature), ontological (relating to existence), and ethical implications. Systems can be controlled or uncontrolled. Today researchers are still using the studies and findings from Bertalanffy. Other researchers of the systems theory are Barker, Behavior Settings and Learner who did work on life expectancy and environment and wrote, Developmental Systems Theory. A most recent theory used in social development today is the use of the fou r stage nonplus of development.It is a major model used in the measurement from birth to adulthood. The four stages are co-dependant (0-8 months), counter dependant (9-36 months), independent (3-6 years), and interdependent (6-29 years). The most current happenings in systems research include how environmental factors and culture influence adolescent development. The five theory groups of human development have led to many breakthroughsin psychology. There are many theorists that have contributed to the five theory groups. However, there are also theorists that are considered to be the founders of each group.All of the theories are relative and may help explain human development, including ones personality or behavior. Works Cited Crain, W. (2011). Theories of development Concepts and applications. (6th ed. ). Upper accuse River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc. Craig, G. J. , & Dunn, W. L. (2010). Understanding human development. (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, In c. Mike Wade (October 18, 2005) Theories used in Research General System Theories http//www. istheory. yorku. ca/generalsystemstheory. htm Walonick, David S. (1993) General Systems Theory. http//www. statpac. org/walonick/systems-theory. htm